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Biweekly Discussion - Did Protestantism Make America Great?

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Brian B.
Biweekly Discussion - Did Protestantism Make America Great?

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This is going to be an online meetup using Zoom. If you've never used Zoom before, don't worry — it's easy to use and free to join.

Here's the link to the event: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85904883065?pwd=ZkQrdkl4MEd0bTBZdmd5NFZhbGxxUT09

Meeting ID: 859 0488 3065
Passcode: 600840

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DID PROTESTANTISM MAKE AMERICA GREAT?

A SKEPTICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

INTRODUCTION:

Back in March, we had a discussion on how some evolutionary psychologists & anthropologists have argued that the world's major religions have evolved over the long term to supply a variety of social benefits, for example, promoting cooperation & punishing aggression among non-kin in increasingly complex societies. Conservatives scholars like Jordan Peterson & right-wing pundits like Ben Shapiro have seized upon these arguments to argue that atheists are wrong to attack religion because it fulfills an important social stabilizing function.

To review the discussion outline from that meetup, entitled "Is Jordan Peterson (Kinda Sorta) Right About Religion?", go here:
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/fllzgrybcfbcb/

As we saw in our discussion, the arguments about the social utility of organized religion don't depend on whether or not a person believes in the literal truth of religion or endorses conservative political views. In fact, several notable scholars that have endorsed the evolutionary view of religion like the biologists David Sloan Wilson, Bret Weinstein & Robert Sapolsky, the psychologist Jonathan Haidt, and the anthropologist Scott Atran are all atheists with progressive political views.

In this discussion, we'll try to keep this distinction in mind between acknowledging the social utility of religion in certain cases and endorsing religious tenets in the manner of a true believer. This time, we'll explore several intriguing & controversial theories about religious trends in American history, concentrating on developments within Anglo-American Protestantism in the 17th, 18th & 19th centuries.

NOTE: The title of this meetup is intentionally provocative, and I'm anticipating that the central premise of this discussion could be challenging for many people in the skeptic movement, since most of our members are atheist or agnostic and many have a negative view of the social effects of religion. However, I'm hoping that most of us are also curious enough about the broader social forces that led to the creation of the modern world that we can reign in any knee-jerk antipathy towards religion we might feel. We should remind ourselves that to say that the Protestant Reformation had some unintentionally positive social effects in the past isn't necessarily an endorsement of Protestant churches today or a denial of some of their negative aspects. We'll address some of these negative effects in our next group discussion, entitled "Has Christianity Made America Dysfunctional?"
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/djzwsrybcmbjb/

In the 1st section of this discussion, we'll look at "Draper-White conflict thesis" that argues the Catholic Church became opposed to science during the Counter-Reformation and the "Merton thesis" that argued that Protestantism inculcated social norms that helped spur the Scientific Revolution, such as collective collaboration, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism, as well as promoting mass literacy.

In the 2nd section, we'll look at Max Weber's "Protestant work ethic" thesis that argues that Protestantism - especially Calvinism - unintentionally created the social & cultural preconditions for the rise of modern capitalism by encouraging hard work & saving while discouraging luxury spending. As we'll see, this ties into broader debates about why Northern Europe is wealthier than Southern Europe and why the United States & Canada are wealthier than Latin America.

In the 3rd section, we'll look at whether the Protestant Reformation was an important precursor to the Enlightenment and the growth of liberal democratic ideals, insofar as Protestantism encouraged Christians to think for themselves on spiritual matters rather than deferring to central authorities like the Catholic Church and promoted literacy which opened Protestants to new ideas. We'll also consider whether the religious disputes between the Anglican Church of England and the Protestant Dissenters of the American colonies may have contributed to the unrest that came to a head in the American Revolution.

In the 4th section, we'll look at whether the Protestant reformation unintentionally led to a gradual process or secularization in the West, and whether the Deism & Unitarianism espoused by some of America's Founders played a role in this. This idea is somewhat connected to the argument that the American Revolution could be characterized as a "Masonic conspiracy" since many of the Founders were Freemasons, and this has spawned conspiracy theories among some paleoconservative groups, like the John Birch Society, who think the Masonic influence on the early American republic was subversive.

RELEVANT MATERIAL FROM PAST MEETUPS:

In the 1st section, we'll talk about whether the Scientific Revolution was enabled by the "Mertonian norms" of collective collaboration, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism. Way back in June of 2017, we had a meetup entitled "What Does the Replication Crisis Mean for Science?" that discussed whether the increasing replication failures in some scientific fields might be due to various factors, such as a lack of strong basic theory & overconfidence from research designs, institutional failures & perverse incentives, or ideological homogeneity & political biases.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/239904781/

In the 2nd section of this meetup, we'll talk about the "Protestant work ethic". Back in October of 2017, the Philly Political Agnostics had a meetup entitled "Deep Culture & The American Dream", and in the 3rd section, they discussed Yale law professor Amy Chua's controversial "triple package" theory that purports to explain why certain ethnic groups (e.g. Jews, Chinese, Indians, Mormons, Cubans, Nigerians) are so successful in America. Rather than a "Protestant work ethic", Chua argued that 3 cultural traits — impulse control (the ability to resist short-term gratification), a belief that one's group is special & "superior" in some way, and a deep-seated anxiety about inadequacy — combine to make certain ethnic groups high-achievers. A book review at Slate contested this theory, arguing that a group’s immigration history, particularly "selection effects" related to wealth & education, explains differences in achievement much better than does the Triple Package theory.
https://www.meetup.com/Philadelphia-Political-Agnostics/events/zgmddnywnbcb/

Since the 2nd section deals with the rise of capitalism in America, an alternative explanation for why America became a wealthy country is that this wealth was built on slavery. We addressed this argument in a meetup back in July entitled "Slavery & Pseudohistory" - see the 3rd section. In general, the historical evidence doesn't support the claim that slavery made America wealthy; instead it appears that it trapped the Southern states in an agrarian economy rather than encouraging the urbanization and industrialization the Northern states experienced. While large plantation owners certainly profited & became rich, the overall society remained poor - much like "banana republics" in the Third World today.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/djzwsrybckbjc/

In the 3rd section, we'll talk about the social norms that support liberal democracy. Back in February of 2018, the Philly Political Agnostics had a meetup entitled "Are We In A Global 'Democratic Recession'?" In the 1st section, they looked at how most political scientists view liberal democracy as having 4 necessary components: (1) free & fair elections, (2) civil liberties, (3) rule of law, (4) civil society. They also talked about how various think tanks like Freedom House and the Economist Intelligence Unit, as well as the Varieties of Democracy Project (V-DEM), have constructed indices that try to measure the level of democracy of various countries, but there's some debates about how objective & quantitative these indices' rankings are. In the 2nd section, they looked at how democracy rankings correlate with economic growth, progress on various social metrics, and reported levels of happiness.
https://www.meetup.com/Philadelphia-Political-Agnostics/events/xvbrznyxdbgb/

In the 4th section of this discussion, we'll talk about how Protestantism may have encouraged a gradual shift towards secularism via the Deism & Unitarianism espoused by some of America's Founders. In a recent meetup in February of 2020, the Philly Political Agnostics had a discussion entitled "Should We Base Politics on Religion or Science?" and in the 1st section they reviewed some of the common arguments about whether or not the original intent of the Constitution was for the United States to be a "Christian nation" and how that relates to the 1st Amendment's "Establishment Clause".
https://www.meetup.com/Philadelphia-Political-Agnostics/events/mjlzgrybcfbcb/

Also, since we'll talk about secularization process in the 4th section, it's worth pointing out that we talked about the "secularization thesis" in the sociology of religion in a meetup back in January of 2019 entitled "Can Skeptics Fight Irrationality Without Succumbing To It?" In Section 3 of that meetup, we looked at how many social theorists in the late 19th & early 20th centuries such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim postulated that the industrialization & modernization of society would cause a decline in levels of religiosity, but this process now appears to have stalled - especially in the United States. Many sociologists & psychologists are beginning to suspect that some types of cognition we'd loosely classify as "religious" or "spiritual" may be hard-wired into the human mind by evolution, and that instead of secularization & rationalization modern societies are experiencing a diversification & fragmentation of spiritual beliefs into a variety of traditional & non-traditional religious movements, "New Age" beliefs & spiritual practices like yoga, meditation, herbalism and "the law of attraction", and a growing interest in "paranormal" phenomena like ghosts & aliens.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/lckqkqyzcbrb/

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DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PREPARE FOR OUR DISCUSSION:

The videos & articles you see linked below are intended to give you a basic overview of some of the major debates over American religious history. As usual, I certainly don't expect you to read all the articles & watch all the videos prior to attending our discussion. The easiest way to prepare for our discussion is to just watch the numbered videos linked under each section - the videos come to about about 50 minutes total. The articles marked with asterisks are just there to supply additional details. You can browse and look at whichever ones you want, but don't worry - we'll cover the stuff you missed in our discussion.

In terms of the discussion format, my general idea is that we'll address the topics in the order presented here. I figure we'll spend about 30 minutes on each section.

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I. DID PROTESTANTISM RESCUE SCIENCE FROM THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION & INSTILL SOCIAL NORMS THAT ENABLED THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, PARTICULARLY IN ENGLAND?

  • DID THE DEBATES OVER DARWINISM IN THE 1870s LEAD JOHN WILLIAM DAPER & ANDREW DICKSON WHITE TO IMPROPERLY PROJECT THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SCIENCE & RELIGION BACK INTO EUROPE'S MEDIEVAL & EARLY MODERN PERIODS? WHY DID THEY THINK THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PROMOTED THE IDEA OF A "FLAT EATH" PRIOR TO COLUMBUS'S VOYAGE?

  • EVEN IF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SPONSORING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION & TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN THE MIDDLE AGES, DID THE CHURCH BECOME MORE WARY OF SCIENCE CONTRADICTING SCRIPTURE DURING THE COUNTER-REFORMATION? IS THIS WHY COPERNICUS'S HELIOCENTRIC IDEAS WAS TREATED FAVORABLY BUT GALILEO WAS SUBJECTED TO HOUSE ARREST?

  • WERE THERE MORE SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS IN PROTESTANT COUNTRIES THAN CATHOLIC COUNTRIES IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD? IF SO, TO WHAT EXTENT DID CULTURAL DIFFERENCES TIED TO RELIGION, LIKE LITERACY RATES, PLAY A ROLE?

  • DID THEOLOGICAL DEBATES WITHIN PROTESTANTISM CULTIVATE THE FOUR "MERTONIAN NORMS" - COMMUNALISM (I.E. SHARING OF KNOWLEDGE), UNIVERSALISM, DISINTERESTEDNESS, ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM - THAT ARE KEY TO FOSTERING SCIENTIFIC INNOVATION? OR DID THE SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS OF PROTESTANTS RELATIVE TO CATHOLICS HINGE ON ONE FACTOR, INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY VS OBEDIENCE, AS GERHARD LENSKI THOUGHT?

  • DID BEN FRANKLIN'S INVENTIVENESS & PITHY MAXIMS, THE POSITIVE STEREOTYPE OF "YANKEE INGENUITY" THAT EMERGED AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ERIE CANAL IN 1825, AND THE CLEAR-HEADED PRAGMATISM OF THE PROTAGONIST IN MARK TWAIN'S "A CONNECTICUT YANKEE IN KING ARTHUR'S COURT" (1889) HAVE A FACTUAL BASIS IN NEW ENGLAND & PENNSYLVANIA'S PROTESTANT CULTURE?

1a) Adam Conover, "Did the Church Actually Hate Copernicus?" (video - 3:07 min.)
https://youtu.be/vlRHbQEHdRU

1b) Steven Pinker vs Nick Spencer, "Did Christianity birth the scientific revolution?" (video - 4:00 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go-OxxvoLOk&t=10s

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II. WAS THE "PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC" CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM, PARTICULARLY IN ENGLAND & THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES?

  • WAS MAX WEBER RIGHT THAT PROTESTANTISM (ESP. CALVINISM) LAID THE CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION NECESSARY FOR CAPITALISM BY ENCOURAGING HARD WORK & DISCOURAGING LUXURY SPENDING? OR WAS IT MERELY THAT PROTESTANTISM ENCOURAGED LITERACY?

  • DID THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG IN 1555 THAT SEPARATED GERMAN PRINCIPALITIES INTO PROTESTANT & CATHOLIC TERRITORIES ACT AS RANDOM ASSIGNMENT IN A NATURAL EXPERIMENT? SINCE THE PROTESTANT/CATHOLIC DIVIDE IN GERMAN REGIONS HAS PERSISTED, DOES THE FACT THAT GERMANS IN PROTESTANT REGIONS TODAY WORK LONGER HOURS & EARN MORE MONEY PROVE MAX WEBER'S THEORY WAS RIGHT?

  • IS SOUTHERN EUROPE POORER THAN THE NORTHERN EUROPE IN PART BECAUSE ITS CATHOLIC CULTURE DOESN'T ENCOURAGE HARD WORK, SAVINGS & INNOVATION? IS LATIN AMERICA POORER THAN THE UNITED STATES & CANADA FOR THE SAME REASON, I.E. IS THERE SOME TRUTH TO THE "MAÑANA SYNDROME" & THE "CULTURE OF POVERTY"? OR DO THESE DIFFERENCES HAVE MORE TO DO WITH HOW THE PROCESS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION WAS AFFECTED BY CLIMATE & DISEASE BURDEN, AND (IN THE LATTER CASE) THE LEGACIES OF SLAVERY & THE "ENCOMIENDA" SYSTEM?

  • WHAT'S THE TAKEAWAY FROM DEAN KARLAN'S RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL WITH INTERNATIONAL CARE MINISTRIES' PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN THE PHILLIPINES THAT SHOWED A 9% INCREASE IN EARNINGS AMONG THOSE WHO RECEIVED RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION? IS THIS BENEFIT DUE TO A COMBINATION OF OPTIMISM & GRIT THAT'S UNIQUE TO PROTESTANTISM?

  • IS AMY CHUA'S THEORY OF THE "TRIPLE PACKAGE" OF TRAITS THAT HELPS "MODEL MINORITIES" LIKE JEWISH, CHINESE, INDIAN, CUBAN & NIGERIAN IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA CORRECT - I.E. DOES THEIR HIGH IMPULSE CONTROL, SENSE OF BEING "CHOSEN", AND STATUS ANXIETY MIMIC MAX WEBER'S PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC? OR DID THEY SUCCEED DUE TO "SELECTION EFFECTS" - I.E. MOST OF THESE IMMIGRANTS COME FROM THE EDUCATED, WEALTHIER CLASSES OF THEIR HOME COUNTRIES?

  • WHAT SHOULD WE MAKE OF THE RECENT STUDY THAT SHOWED THAT THE PERCENTAGE OF A STATE'S POPULATION THAT IS ATHEIST OR AGNOSTIC IS CORRELATED WITH ITS PRODUCTIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP SCORE? IS THIS A SIGN OF AN "ATHEIST WORK ETHIC", OR ARE THEY BOTH PROBABLY CORRELATED WITH EDUCATION LEVELS?

2a) Knowledgia, "Why is Latin America Poorer than North America?" (video - 4:12 min.)
https://youtu.be/19BzHpFcTgk

2b) Freakonomics w/ Jorg Spenkuch, Tim Keller & James Choi, "Is the Protestant Work Ethic Real?" (podcast - 43:45 min, start at 24:44 & listen to 37:02)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX2Je3P2v9g&t=24m44s
https://freakonomics.com/podcast/religiosity/

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III. WAS THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY & THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION?

  • DID THE WAY IN WHICH THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION UNDERMINED THE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ALSO ULTIMATELY UNDERMINE THE "DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS", OR DID IT LEAD TO THE "AGE OF ABSOLUTISM" BY REMOVING THE CHURCH AS A RIVAL CENTER OF AUTHORITY?

  • DID WHIGGISH CONCEPTS OF CIVIL & RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES EVOLVE IN ENGLAND DUE THE PROTESTANT OPPOSITION TO A CATHOLIC MONARCH IN THE WAKE OF THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION?

  • WHY DID THE RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY SPAWNED BY THE REFORMATION LEAD TO RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN SOME STATES & CRACKDOWNS THAT ENFORCED A STATE RELIGION IN OTHERS? WHY WERE STATES THAT ALLOWED RELIGIOUS LIBERTY MORE LIKELY TO TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY?

  • DO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY SUGGEST CATHOLICISM WAS NO MORE AVERSE TO LIBERAL DEMOCRACY THAN PROTESTANTISM? OR DID THESE REVOLUTIONS HAPPEN IN SPITE OF THE CHURCH'S WISHES? WERE THE NEW GOVERNMENTS MOSTLY DE FACTO OLIGARCHIES DOMINATED BY CREOLE ELITES?

  • WHAT SHOULD WE MAKE OF BOB WOODBERRY'S RESEARCH THAT SHOWS THAT PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD ARE CORRELATED WITH LOWER CORRUPTION, BETTER RULE OF LAW & GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY, GROWTH IN GDP PER CAPITA, AND INCREASED LEVEL OF DEMOCRACY? IS THIS DUE MOSTLY TO THE PROTESTANT WORK ETHIC, OR THE SPREAD OF LITERACY & CONNECTIONS WITH THE BRITISH EMPIRE'S TRADE NETWORKS?

  • WHY DOES THE EFFECT OF CATHOLIC MISSIONS TODAY APPEAR TO HAVE ABOUT THE SAME EFFECT AS PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN TERMS OF BOOSTING CONVERTS' EDUCATION, INCREASING THEIR INCOME, AND HELPING A COUNTRY TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY? IS IT BECAUSE THE POST-VATICAN II CATHOLIC CHURCH HAS EMBRACED SOME PROTESTANT VALUES?

3a) Sue Leeson, "How did the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance affect American political thought?" (video - 3:15 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_4p6xLwzgI

3b) Bob Woodberry, "Religion & the Roots of Liberal Democracy" (video - 39:55 min, start at 29:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBQ1gikiXbU&t=29m2s

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IV. DID PROTESTANTISM LEAD TO SECULARISM IN AMERICA VIA FREEMASONRY, DEISM & UNITARIANISM?

  • ONCE A CERTAIN DEGREE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM WAS ADOPTED IN SOME AREAS AS A FORM OF PRAGMATIC COMPROMISE AFTER THE WARS OF RELIGION IN THE 1600s, DID THIS GRADUALLY LEAD TO THE VIEW THAT RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WERE PRIVATE VIEWS THAT HAD LIMITED APPLICABILITY TO THE PUBLIC WORLD, AS PETER MARSHALL ARGUES?

  • HOW & WHEN DID UNITARIANISM & DEISM EMERGE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES? TO WHAT EXTENT WERE THESE IDEAS LIMITED TO ELITE SOCIAL CIRCLES LIKE THE YALE & HARVARD AND THE FREEMASONS?

  • IS IT AN EXAGGERATION TO CLAIM THAT MOST OF THE FOUNDERS WERE "DEISTS", OR DO TODAY'S CHRISTIAN CONSERVATIVES DISHONESTLY TRY TO DOWNPLAY THE ROLE OF DEISM IN THE FOUNDING ERA?

  • IS NIALL FERGUSON RIGHT THAT FREEMASON LODGES PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ELITE SOCIAL NETWORK OF THE 18th CENTURY WHERE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC IDEALS WERE INCUBATED? TO WHAT EXTENT DID CONNECTIONS FORGED IN MASONIC LODGES ENABLE CONSPIRATORS TO PLAN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION?

  • DID THE ANTI-MASONIC PARTY THAT EMERGED AFTER THE "MORGAN AFFAIR" IN 1826 LEAD TO THE DECLINE OF FREEMASONRY AS A FORCE IN AMERICAN POLITICS? OR WAS THEIR DECLINE LINKED FOR TO ELITES LOSING POLITICAL CLOUT IN THE ERA OF "JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY" AS STATES ELIMINATED THE PROPERTY REQUIREMENT FOR VOTING & MANY APPOINTED POLITICAL OFFICES BECAME ELECTED?

  • DO THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY'S CONSPIRACY THEORIES ABOUT THE ILLUMINATI, FREEMASONS & JACOBINS HAVE ANY HISTORICAL MERIT, OR ARE THEY MOSTLY JUST PROJECTING THE 20th CENTURY CONFLICTS BETWEEN CHRISTIAN CONSERVATIVES & ATHEIST COMMUNISTS BACK INTO THE 18th & 19th CENTURIES? IS THIS ALSO WHY THEY VIEW THOMAS JEFFERSON, THOMAS PAINE & BEN FRANKLIN AS TRAITORS CORRUPTED BY THE ILLUMINATI DURING THEIR TIME IN FRANCE?

  • IN 1822, THOMAS JEFFERSON PREDICTED UNITARIANISM WOULD BECOME DOMINANT BY THE LATE 19th CENTURY - WHY DIDN'T THIS HAPPEN? DID THE RELIGIOUS REVIVALS OF THE "SECOND GREAT AWAKENING" AND THE CRITIQUES OF UNITARIANISM BY TRANSCENDENTALISTS LIKE RALPH WALDO EMERSON LEAD TO THE WEAKEN UNITARIANISM, OR DID SECULAR ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA GRADUALLY SAP ITS MEMBERSHIP?

  • WHY IS THE UNITED STATES LESS SECULAR THAN MOST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TODAY? IS IT DUE TO LOWER EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AMONG AMERICANS? OR BECAUSE LESS SOCIAL SPENDING MAKES POOR PEOPLE MORE RELIANT ON CHURCH CHARITIES? IS IT BECAUSE LACK OF STATE SUPPORT FOR CHURCHES & MORE RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY HAS CREATED MORE COMPETITION FOR ADHERENTS?

4a) Peter Marshall, "The unintended effects of the Reformation" (video - 2:32 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRoQsAn6V50

4b) Universal Co-Masonry, "Freemasons of the American Revolution" (video - 3:55 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZobNW92KKb8

4c) Duke Pesta w/ JBS, "Were the Founders Christian or Deist?" (video - 5:47 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcpGtX02E7Y

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