Biweekly Discussion - Is "The Great Awokening" a Conspiracy?

Name: Biweekly Discussion - Is "The Great Awokening" a Conspiracy?
Start: 2022-04-30T13:00:00-04:00
End: 2022-04-30T15:00:00-04:00

Hosted By

Brian B.

Biweekly Discussion - Is "The Great Awokening" a Conspiracy?

Details

This is going to be an online meetup using Zoom. If you've never used Zoom before, don't worry — it's easy to use and free to join.

Here's the link to the event: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/83280259699?pwd=TWprb25zc09kalkycW1OVnM5KzJ6QT09

Meeting ID: 832 8025 9699
Passcode: 820916

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IS THE "GREAT AWOKENING" AN ELITE CONSPIRACY?

INTRODUCTION:

In this discussion, we'll look at a variety of claims of elite conspiracies behind the so-called "Great Awokening", a term coined by former Vox journalist Matthew Yglesias to refer to a historic shift in the political views of White Americans, particularly those who are younger, college-educated and/or liberal-leaning, towards an increased concern about racial injustice & gender issues in a way that aligns with ideologies like "critical race theory" and "intersectionality" which for decades were mostly confined to academia. Yglesias' term is a riff on the "Great Awakenings" - i.e. three major periods of religious revivals & creation of new religious sects that occurred in America at various points in the 18th & 19th centuries. Specifically, he was drawing an analogy with the "Second Great Awakening" of the 1830s-50s in the Northern & Upper Midwestern states that was closely related to various social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, women's suffrage, temperance (i.e. alcohol prohibition), and prison & asylum reform.

If you're interested, you can check out Matt Yglesias's Vox article here:
https://www.vox.com/2019/3/22/18259865/great-awokening-white-liberals-race-polling-trump-2020

Perry Bacon, Jr. first wrote about these political shifts at FiveThirtyEight back in February of 2018: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/white-democrats-have-gotten-way-more-liberal-on-identity-issues/

It's worth noting that some sociologists & historians have argued for the existence of a "Fourth Great Awakening" in the 1960s-70s that led to the hippie "New Age" counterculture and the "Human Potential Movement", as well as various cults like the Manson family, the Hare Krishna movement, Synanon, the Moonies, and Jim Jones' Peoples Temple. As with the Second Great Awakening, there was some overlap in the 1960s-70s between the counterculture and political activism, particularly the anti-Vietnam war demonstrations, women's liberation, and the environmental movement, as well as radical left-wing terrorist groups like the Symbionese Liberation Army, the Weathermen Underground, the United Freedom Front, and the Black Liberation Army. That's relevant for our discussion of the "Great Awakening" of the late 2010s to early 2020s because many of the conspiracy theories we'll look at try to tie older explanations for the social turmoil & left-wing activism of the 1960s-70s to that of today by arguing they're caused by the same high-level actors. (Note: The "Fourth Great Awakening" is also associated with the rise of Christian evangelicals and fundamentalist denominations, who in turn went on to gain political influence as the "Religious Right" in the 1980s, but this is less relevant to our discussion.)

In the 1st section of our discussion, we'll look at the idea that the counterculture of the 1960s and the "New Left" were created by the KGB's efforts at cultural subversion of America, and we'll compare that to more recent claims since 2016 about Russian disinformation exacerbating social & political divisions in the U.S. These concerns about Soviet infiltration of the New Left are somewhat separate from the historically documented Soviet spies uncovered by the Venona project's wiretaps or the KGB archival documents obtained by Alexander Vassiliev & Vasili Mitrokhin at the end of the Cold War, since those mostly just revealed moles in government agencies, not activist groups. While the FBI suspected KGB involvement in the Civil rights movement and investigated this as part of COINTELPRO, most of the recent theories tying the KGB to left-wing radicalism in the U.S. appear to stem from video clips of an interview the KGB defector Yuri Bezmenov gave to the conservative filmmaker and conspiracy theorist G. Edward Griffin in 1984 about Soviet disinformation campaigns known as "active measures". These clips began to recirculate thanks to news reports in 2017 about Russian interference in the 2016 election, and were featured in the video game "Call Of Duty: Black Ops Cold War" released in Nov. 2020.

In the 2nd section, we'll look at the idea the CIA created or at least heavily infiltrated the counterculture of the 1960s and the "New Left" as a way to counter ideological threats from the Soviet Union, and we'll see how that's connected to recent claims that the CIA & U.S. military are attempting a "woke" rebranding in order to whitewash an interventionist foreign policy - something that's now being called "woke imperialism". Concerns of CIA infiltration of the arts, music & counterculture date back to the revelations about heavy CIA involvement in promoting certain artists & intellectuals through the Congress of Cultural Freedom (CCF), as detailed by a New York Times exposé in 1966. These concerns were compounded in 1975 by the Rockefeller Commission and Church Committee investigations which unearthed Project ARTICHOKE, MKULTRA, COINTELPRO, Operation CHAOS & Operation Mockingbird. These fears of the intelligence agencies influencing American culture and coopting left-wing activism have been rekindled on both the left & right by the "Humans of CIA" advertising campaign that debuted in the spring of 2021.

In the 3rd section, we'll look at claims that "Cultural Marxism" - i.e. a term that generally refers to a mixture of the "critical theory" of Frankfurt School intellectuals and "postmodernism" of French poststructuralist philosophers - became embedded in American academia & think tanks during the 1950s-80s and has undermined the cultural cohesion of Western civilization. For decades, there's been many conservative & libertarian scholars who have criticized "critical theory" and "postmodernism" on ideological grounds, but they tend not to use the term "cultural Marxism". Some people have claimed the term "cultural Marxism" stems from the Nazis who lambasted expressionist & surrealist art as "cultural Bolshevism" in Weimar Germany. However, in modern America, most right-wing concerns about "cultural Marxism" appear to trace back to the writings of conspiracy theorist Lyndon LaRouche in the 1970s, who was suspicious of Theodor Adorno's work with the Rockefeller Foundation in the Radio Research Project, and attacked Herbert Marcuse for his role as a mentor for New Left revolutionaries like Angela Davis. These conspiratorial claims about Frankfurt School intellectuals were later woven into an essay by Michael J. Minnicino, a follower of LaRouche, entitled "The New Dark Age: The Frankfurt School and Political Correctness" in 1992, and then appeared in a documentary film by conservative pundits Paul Weyrich & William Lind entitled "Political Correctness: The Frankfurt School" (1999) and Pat Buchanan's book The Death of the West (2001). Concern about the radicalizing potential of right-wing fears of "cultural Marxism" have recently been raised by the manifestos of Anders Breivik (the 2011 Norwegian AUF summer camp shooter) & John Earnest (the 2019 Poway synagogue shooter), as well as the NSC staffer Rich Higgins' memo "POTUS and Politival Warfare" in 2017 that railed against "cultural Marxists" in the Deep State trying to oust President Trump.

In the 4th section, we'll look at the emergence of new terms like "limousine liberal" and "radical chic" to described a new social phenomenon in America in the late 1960s & early 1970s where some wealthy liberals embraced aspects of the counterculture and hobnobbed with radicals. We'll see how this could be connected to mass marketing of the hippie counterculture and symbols of rebellion during the "creative revolution" in Madison Avenue's ad agencies (depicted in the TV series "Mad Men"), and how this roughly parallels the recent emergence of "woke capitalism" in the late 2010s. We'll consider claims that wealthy elites & major corporations have always found a way to co-opt radical ideas in America and use them to sew divisions in the working class that prevented any major economic reforms that might harm the interests of the upper class. Concerns about capitalism coopting the symbols of rebellion can be traced back to the coining of the term "recuperation" by the French Situationists in 1960, but much of the theorizing is more recent, coming from books by left-wing authors like Thomas Frank's The Conquest of Cool (1997) and Joseph Heath & Andrew Potter's Rebel Sell: Why the Culture Can't be Jammed (2004).

RELEVANT MATERIAL FROM PAST MEETUPS:

Although we've never discussed the KGB in our past meetup, we did look at the claims that Russian agents "hacked" the 2016 presidential election in a meetup back in Mer. 2019 entitled "Russiagate or a New Red Scare?"
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/248230435/

In our meetup on "Demystifying Psychedelics" in Mar. 2019, we discussed MKUltra in the 1st section. Some argue the CIA unintentionally created the '60s counterculture by testing it on Ken Kesey, who went on to found the Merry Pranksters and widely promote the drug for recreational use. (Some have speculated that LSD researchers like Alfred Hubbard & Timothy Leary were involved with MK Ultra, but that's more dubious.)
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/nfbkqqyzfbpc/

We had a meetup back in October of 2020 entitled "Political Pseudoscience & Progressivism" and in the 2nd section we discussed the extent to which the ideology of the "New Left" that arose in the 1960s-70s in the U.S. was connected to the Frankfurt School's "critical theory" and the "postmodernism" of French poststructuralist philosophers like Jacques Derrida & Michel Foucault.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/djzwsrybcnbxb/

Back in Feb. 2021, the Philly Political Agnostics had a meetup entitled "Is the Managerial Elite Hurting America?" the 3rd section dealt with the rise of "woke capitalism", and the 4th section dealt with the managerial elites and the threat of a technocratic form of "undemocratic liberalism".
https://www.meetup.com/Philadelphia-Political-Agnostics/events/fxpswryccdbsb/

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DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PREPARE FOR OUR DISCUSSION:

The videos & articles you see linked below are intended to give you a basic overview of some of the major debates over the cause of the so-called "Great Awokening" - i.e. the upsurge in concern about racial & gender issues on the political left since 2014 or so, with previously radical ideas from academia like "critical race theory" and "intersectionality" becoming mainstream. As usual, I certainly don't expect you to read all the articles prior to attending our discussion.

The easiest way to prepare for our discussion is to just watch the numbered video clips linked under each section - the videos come to about about 52 minutes total. The articles marked with asterisks are just there to supply additional details. You can browse and look at whichever ones you want, but don't worry - we'll cover the stuff you missed in our discussion.

In terms of the discussion format, my general idea is that we'll address the topics in the order presented here. As you can see, I've listed some questions under each section heading to stimulate discussion. We'll do our best to address most of them, as well as whatever additional questions you can think of. I figure we'll spend about 30 minutes on each section.

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I. DID RUSSIAN SUBVERSION LEAD TO THE "NEW LEFT" OF THE 1960s-70s & THE "GREAT AWOKENING" OF TODAY?

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1a) Hickey, "Who Is Yuri Bezmenov - Know Your History" (video - 4:15 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uysdtTNrvhc

1b) Krystal Ball & Saagar Enjeti, "CNN, Adam Schiff Say RUSSIA Is Manipulating BLM" (video - 5:56 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWhqOCMWAZY

Julia Ioffe, "The History of Russian Involvement in America's Race Wars: From propaganda posters to Facebook ads, 80-plus years of Russian meddling."
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/russia-facebook-race/542796/
Reddit Ask Historians, "Is there any evidence of Soviet/Communist involvement in the black civil rights movement?"
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2fwdyn/is_there_any_evidence_of_sovietcommunist/
Ian Walker, "Call Of Duty Trailer [with Yuri Bezmenov] Recklessly Promotes Far-Right Conspiracy Theory"
https://kotaku.com/call-of-duty-trailer-recklessly-promotes-far-right-cons-1844869021
Reddit Ask Historians, "What do Historians make of the claims of Soviet defector Yuri Bezmenov's 'Warning to America'?"
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/ie8qrp/what_do_historians_make_of_the_claims_of_soviet/
Scott Shane & Sheera Frenkel, "Russian 2016 Influence Operation Targeted African-Americans on Social Media"
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/17/us/politics/russia-2016-influence-campaign.html
Donie O'Sullivan, "Analysis: Yes, there is misinformation in Minneapolis. No, it's not all Russia's fault."
https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/30/tech/minneapolis-misinformation/index.html
Caitlin Cimpanu, "China, Iran, and Russia worked together to call out US hypocrisy on BLM protests: Report from social media research group shows foreign diplomats and state-controlled media pounced on the US' abysmal handling of the BLM protests to attack the US as a beacon of freedom and further their own political goals."
https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-iran-and-russia-worked-together-to-call-out-us-hypocrisy-on-blm-protests/
Douglas Perry, "How a Bible burning in Portland reveals Russia’s efforts to upend the 2020 U.S. election"
https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/08/how-a-bible-burning-in-portland-reveals-russias-efforts-to-upend-the-2020-us-election.html
Alexander Reid Ross, "Russia's Disinformation War on America Takes Racist Aim at Black Lives Matter - 'BLM mobs,' 'anti-white racism' and Soros Antifa conspiracies: For 2020, Russian state-sponsored media and its acolytes are no longer playing provocateur on all sides. Their focus is subverting and discrediting the anti-racist protest movement"
https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-russia-s-disinformation-campaign-takes-racist-aim-at-black-lives-matter-1.8929385
Anna Arutunyan, "Putin Is Not Smiling: The Kremlin Fears American Disorder More Than It Celebrates It"
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2020-06-17/putin-not-smiling

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II. DID THE CIA'S INFILTRATION OF THE COUNTERCULTURE LEAD TO THE "NEW LEFT" OF THE 1960s-70s & THE "GREAT AWOKENING" OF TODAY?

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2a) AJ+, "How To Fight A War Without Weapons" (video - 13:53 min, start at 0:33 & listen to 7:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYgE08HW9Qo&t=33s

2c) Abby Martin, "The Woke CIA PsyOp" (video - 7:00 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsoA-QGHJPA

Louis Menand, "A Friend of the Devil: When the C.I.A. Duped College Students" (article about CIA ties with National Student Association)
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/03/23/a-friend-of-the-devil
Steve Slick, "A Lost Opportunity to Learn Lessons from the Cultural Cold War: A review of Joel Whitney's book, Finks: How the CIA Tricked the World's Best Writers (2017)"
https://www.lawfareblog.com/lost-opportunity-learn-lessons-cultural-cold-war-0
Josh Jones, "The CIA Assesses the Power of French Post-Modern Philosophers: Read a Newly Declassified CIA Report from 1985"
https://www.openculture.com/2017/06/the-cia-assesses-the-power-of-french-post-modern-philosophers-read-a-newly-declassified-cia-report-from-1985.html
Eugene Phillips, "The Central Intelligence Agency’s Surveillance of the New Left"
http://rhpsnet.com/journals/rhps/Vol_5_No_2_December_2017/1.pdf
Alex Rubinstein, "Intersectional imperialism: A wholesome menace"
https://www.rt.com/op-ed/518645-intersectional-imperialism-wholesome-menace/
Nate Hochman, "Woke Imperialism: America’s new cultural export is critical race theory"
https://americanmind.org/salvo/woke-imperialism/
Tyler Cowen, "A Woke CIA Will Make America Safer: The spy agency needs younger employees, and maybe it can make wokeness seem anodyne"
https://www.bloombergquint.com/gadfly/cia-viral-video-is-a-stroke-of-woke-marketing-genius

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III. DID ACADEMICS WHO ESPOUSED "CULTURAL MARXISM" LEAD TO THE "NEW LEFT" OF THE 1960s-70s & THE "GREAT AWOKENING" OF TODAY?

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3a) Lutz Dammbecks, "The Macy Conferences & The F-Scale" (video - 5:53 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZWMoDu8Kk0

3b) Slavoj Zizek, "Frankfurt School & Cultural Marxism" (video - 2:16 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eP0202HMeE4

3c) Helen Pluckrose, "What is the thesis of Cynical Theories?" (video - 4:13 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjP9smycBeA

Michael Minnicino, "The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'" (alleges the Frankfurt School thinkers were tied to modern art aesthetics, the Princeton Radio Project, the widespread adoption of the Authoritarian Personality tests & public opinion polling, the Allied plans for the denazification of Germany, the psychedelic counterculture & the Sexual Revolution in the 1960s, and the rise of political correctness in the late 1980s)
https://archive.schillerinstitute.com/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html
Martin Jay, "Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe"
http://canisa.org/blog/dialectic-of-counter-enlightenment-the-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat-of-the-lunatic-fringe
Andrew Woods, "The American Roots of a Right-Wing Conspiracy: White-supremacist fearmongering about 'cultural Marxism' continues to inspire violent attacks, from Norway to New Zealand. But the origins of the theory are American through and through."
https://communemag.com/the-american-roots-of-a-right-wing-conspiracy/
Andrew Woods, "Was Theodor Adorno 'The Fifth Beatle'? How a conspiracy theory about the Frankfurt School made its way around the world"
https://publicseminar.org/essays/was-theodor-adorno-the-fifth-beatle/
Brian Doherty, "Don't Blame Karl Marx for 'Cultural Marxism' - Political correctness isn't a communist plot."
https://reason.com/2018/10/14/dont-blame-karl-marx-for-cultu/
Wikipedia, "Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory
Lee Jussim, "Cultural Marxism: Far Right Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory? Who is engaging in propaganda and disinformation?"
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202103/cultural-marxism-far-right-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory
Alexander Zubatov, "Just Because Anti-Semites Talk About ‘Cultural Marxism’ Doesn’t Mean It Isn’t Real
https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/just-because-anti-semites-talk-about-cultural-marxism-doesnt-mean-it-isnt-real
Jonathan Church, "Jordan Peterson Is Not Entirely Wrong about 'Postmodern Neo-Marxism'"
https://areomagazine.com/2020/01/09/jordan-peterson-is-not-entirely-wrong-about-postmodern-neo-marxism/
Matt McManus, "The Frankfurt School and Postmodern Philosophy"
https://quillette.com/2019/01/03/the-frankfurt-school-and-postmodern-philosophy/
James Lindsay, "The Complex Relationship between Marxism and Wokeness"
https://newdiscourses.com/2020/07/complex-relationship-between-marxism-wokeness/
Matthew Sharpe, "Is ‘cultural Marxism’ really taking over universities? I crunched some numbers [from JStor] to find out"
https://theconversation.com/is-cultural-marxism-really-taking-over-universities-i-crunched-some-numbers-to-find-out-139654

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IV. DID WEALTHY ELITES & MAJOR CORPORATIONS CO-OPT THE COUNTERCULTURE OF THE 1960s-70s & "WOKENESS" TODAY TO DIVIDE THE WORKING CLASS & PREVENT ECONOMIC REFORMS?

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4a) Christina Short, "Summary of 'Commodify Your Dissent' by Thomas Frank" (video - 3:15 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImermA6z6rM

4b) Jacobin w/ Vivek Chibber, "Democrats want woke capitalism" (video - 11:55 min, listen to 10:45)
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RpSeBJ8wfLM

Ben Davis, "In Defense of ‘Radical Chic’: How Tom Wolfe’s 1970 Essay Offers a Warning About Debates Over ‘Performative Activism’ Now"
https://news.artnet.com/opinion/radical-chic-performative-activism-1895169
Alan Wolfe, "The Myth of the Limousine Liberal: There are far more conservatives being driven around in limos these days than liberals" (review of Steve Fraser's 2016 book, 'Limousine Liberal: How an Incendiary Image United the Right and Fractured America')
https://newrepublic.com/article/133013/myth-limousine-liberal
Thomas Frank, "An Excerpt from 'The Conquest of Cool' - Of Commerce and Counterculture"
https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/259919.html
Dan Geddes, "The Conquest of Cool: The Sixties [Counterculture] as Advertising Gimmick"
https://medium.com/curious/the-conquest-of-cool-the-sixties-as-advertising-gimmick-49e5d78fc171
Cynthia B. Meyers, "Psychedelics and the Advertising Man: The 1960s "Countercultural Creative" on Madison Avenue"
https://www.academia.edu/660864/Psychedelics_and_the_Advertising_Man_The_1960s_Countercultural_Creative_on_Madison_Avenue
Jack Stacey, "A Spectacular Theory of Today’s Woke Advertising" (article on the Situationist theory of "recuperation")
https://areomagazine.com/2020/07/31/a-spectacular-theory-of-todays-woke-advertising/
Anusar Farooqui, "The Elegy of the New American Left"
https://policytensor.com/2020/08/13/the-elegy-of-the-new-american-left/
Keith Preston, "America 2021: 'Woke Capitalism' and Its Enemies"
https://attackthesystem.com/2021/02/12/america-2021-woke-capitalism-and-its-enemies/
Richard Hanania, "Woke Institutions is Just Civil Rights Law: Why Conservatives Won't (and Can't) Fight for Influence, and What to Do About It. "
https://richardhanania.substack.com/p/woke-institutions-is-just-civil-rights

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