Biweekly Discussion - Are the Anti-Israel Protests Astroturfed?

Name: Biweekly Discussion - Are the Anti-Israel Protests Astroturfed?
Start: 2024-06-02T13:00:00-04:00
End: 2024-06-02T15:00:00-04:00

Hosted by Brian B.

Super Organizer

Skeptics In The Pub - Philly

Details

This is going to be an online meetup using Zoom. If you've never used Zoom before, don't worry — it's easy to use and free to join.

Click on the link below at the scheduled date/time to log in...

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ARE THE ANTI-ISRAEL PROTESTS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES "ASTROTURFED" - OR IS THIS A CONSPIRACY THEORY MEANT TO DELEGITIMIZE A GRASSROOTS ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT?

INTRODUCTION:

Now that college graduations have wrapped up and most students have headed home for the summer, the anti-Israel protests on campuses seem to be winding down. I figured this would be a good time to discuss some allegations that the protests that popped up on college campuses to oppose Israel's invasion of Gaza are being "astroturfed" or otherwise covertly supported & amplified by shadowy actors with malign intentions. As we'll see, those who oppose Israel and support the protests have argued that these are baseless "conspiracy theories" meant to delegitimize what are actually grassroots anti-war protests by college students appalled by the civilian casualties & mass suffering in Gaza.

In the 1st section, we'll look at claims that the college protests have been infiltrated by "outside agitators" and "paid protestors" unaffiliated with the universities in question, and that they are the cause of most of the illegal activities & violent rhetoric at the protests.

In the 2nd section, we'll look at the claim that the protests have been at least partly engineered by the Qatari government that have used their funding of American universities & certain academic specialties - particularly Middle Eastern Studies departments - to create an anti-Israeli & anti-Semitic atmosphere on certain college campuses.

In the 3rd section, we'll look at the claim that the protests have been amplified by the Chinese Communist Party using its influence over TikTok to adjust the video-sorting algorithm to show young Americans more pro-Palestinian and anti-Israel videos in an effort to sow domestic discord ahead of the 2024 election and cause a rift in the US-Israel alliance.

In the 4th section, we'll look at the claim that the protests have largely been driven by campus activist groups that receive substantial funding from progressive billionaire donors like George Soros, David Rockefeller Jr., and Bill Gates. As we'll see, some conservative pundits have alleged that these are the same donors who are funding President Biden's reelection campaign, and therefore the apparent rift between the Biden administration and the anti-Israel protestors is just a ruse.

IN GENERAL, HOW SHOULD SKEPTICS THINK ABOUT PROTESTS WHERE THERE'S ALLEGATIONS OF "OUTSIDE AGITATORS", "PAID PROTESTORS", "ASTROTURFING" AND/OR "FOREIGN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS"?

These sorts of debates are interesting for skeptics because they fall into the grey area I've formerly referred to as "quasi-conspiracy theories". A "conspiracy theory" -- as defined by Wikipedia -- is "an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of a conspiracy by powerful and sinister groups, often political in motivation, when other explanations are more probable." So a "quasi-conspiracy theory" is similar but differs in that the theory is more accurate except that the "conspiracy" is more decentralized and less secretive than many of its proponents realize - i.e. a better term would be a "distributed conspiracy" or "open conspiracy" -- or to sound less sinister, it's what we'd normally refer to as a "social movement" or "political project". In these cases, critics will often claim their opponents are "brainwashing" people, but a more accurate description would be to say they are "influencing" and "mobilizing" people since that doesn't presume something nearly as direct & all-powerful as "mind control" and allows for the strong possibility that followers retain a higher degree of agency.

Defenders of a given social movement or political project will often seize upon the overly conspiratorial way in which their critics talk to dishonestly dismiss everything they say as a baseless "conspiracy theory" -- even as they more or less openly discuss their goals & methods in friendly media outlets. This results in what the conservative pundit Michael Anton calls the "celebration parallax" -- i.e. "the same fact pattern is treated as either true and glorious or false and scurrilous depending on who states it.” This is similar to what he calls the "Law of Salutary Contradiction", whose formulation is: “That’s not happening and it’s good that it is.”

Getting to the topic at hand, it's worth pointing out that the current debates over whether the campus protests over Israel's invasion of Gaza are truly "organic" and "grassroots" or covertly "orchestrated" and "astroturfed" by outside actors is similar to previous debates about the legitimacy of various movements on either end of the political spectrum, such as the Tea Party in 2010, Occupy Wall Street in 2011, the anti-police protests/riots in Ferguson after the shooting of Michael Brown in 2014, the Women's March in the spring of 2017, the anti-gun "March for Our Lives" protests by Parkland High School students in the spring of 2018, the protest at Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings in the fall of 2018, the BLM protests/riots in the summer of 2020, conservative parents showing up to school board meetings to object to "critical race theory" in 2021, the Canadian truckers "Freedom Convoy" in the spring of 2022, and the "Moms for Liberty" pushing to ban LGBT books from schools in 2023. Complaints about protests being fomented or infiltrated by "outside agitators" goes all the way back to the civil rights marches and Vietnam War protests of the 1960s. While for any given protest it's often true that some protest organizers come from outside a local community, harping on this is a way for the authorities to pretend the locals are perfectly satisfied with the status quo -- which is often not the case.

In terms of the debates over whether or not a protest movement has "paid protestors", there's often an implicit false dichotomy that no protestors are being paid and all the protestors are being paid. In fact, many political protests involve a small number of professional activists who are paid and a larger number of unpaid people who are merely passionate about a given issue. An article from May 2017 by Leo Gertner & Moshe Marvit in the Washington Post made this point thusly:

"Little evidence exists to back the claim that significant numbers of protesters are paid... However, the allegations that even one participant is paid immediately calls into question the legitimacy of a cause. Behind these accusation is the idea that social movements should be entirely spontaneous, volunteer-driven, and untarnished by the exchange of money. Anything else would betray a lack of moral purity and reveal ulterior motives. And although successful protest movements rarely if ever succeed without an investment of resources, we create simplified mythologies that perpetuate these ideas of monetarily immaculate conception.

In reality, organizations often do sponsor or support rallies and send paid staff to help organize them, although unpaid protesters typically outnumber organizers. Nonetheless, history suggests that strong movements do well with both paid and unpaid agents agitating for change... What gives the accusation of paid protest force is the belief that compensation makes advocacy into a job and thus beliefs themselves become fungible. Under this theory, the same protester would just as soon hold a 'pro-life' placard instead of a 'pro-choice' one...

Political and grass-roots organizing and paid work are not inherently contradictory, as some would have us believe. One cannot only do deeply committed political work and be paid; it is often necessary for the long slog that campaigns require."

Similarly, the mistake that many journalists & pundits make is implying that protests must be either 100% grassroots or 100% astroturfed, which is another false dichotomy. In fact, most political protests are the result of a mix of popular unrest and concerted organizing by trained activists & special interest groups. In his widely-shared 2010 essay "Ten Things Political Scientists Know That You Don't", Hans Noel explained that while journalists & pundits may debate whether a political movement like the Tea Party is "grassroots" or "astroturf", political scientists see that as a false distinction:
"If a movement is astroturf if some outside force is organizing it, then all movements are astroturf. People do not spontaneously wake up and go to rallies. Someone hosts the rally and invites them to come... Who mobilizes matters, both for legitimacy and tactics. And so transparency matters. If the groups behind the movement are secretive, that is a very different situation. But the mere fact that someone is doing the organizing is neither surprising nor damning."

An article by David Hines at "The Federalist" also made a similar point in regards to the Parkland student protestors in 2018:
"I think one reason there’s an opportunity for righty conspiracy types to get all hopped up on goofballs with respect to protests and such is the abject failure of the Righty establishment to explain to its people how protests actually work... It’s not magical kids, and it’s not George Soros sprinkling money around. It’s hard work by people who’ve trained to do it. That’s a little more work than posting an announcement on Facebook. And that’s organizing...

In his excellent book Hegemony How-To, leftist organizer Jonathan Smucker wrote, 'Power tends to appear magical to those who have less of it, and mechanical to those who are accustomed to wielding it instrumentally.' Or, for that matter, to even seeing it instrumentally. For two weeks, journalists treated [the] power [of the student protestors] as if it were magical. It’s not. It’s mechanical. The people organizing the response to Parkland, and a host of other causes, know that. So should you."

But what about protests that are stirred up in part by "foreign influence operations" particularly via covert funding of domestic organizations and/or foreign propaganda & disinformation campaigns - i.e. should we be more concerned about that, since it's not a part of our domestic debates but rather something from "outside"? These sorts of concerns date back at least to the Cold War, but this has also been a major point of contention since the "Russiagate" debates that dragged on during the Trump presidency. Ultimately, neither side was fully vindicated by the Mueller investigation - i.e. there was strong evidence of attempts by Russian agents to influence the outcome of the 2016 election, but there was also strong evidence that it had virtually no effect on votes that would've swung the election.

A 2021 article by Hedvig Ördén & James Pamment at the Carnegie Endowment entitled "What Is So Foreign About Foreign Influence Operations?" provides a balanced way to think about foreign influence operations. The authors suggest the following:
"The notion of foreignness constitutes a useful lens for discussions of influence operations in cases when there is overwhelming evidence of state-based, hybrid, and irregular warfare. An argument can also be made for employing the distinction in relation to the protection of democratic institutions, such as elections. However, when influence operations are regarded as a more generalized threat to political deliberation, foreignness is not a helpful category for determining the legitimacy or illegitimacy of such campaigns. In such cases, rather than focusing on the (domestic or foreign) identity of the malicious actors themselves, it is more fruitful to conceive of illegitimacy in terms of specific manipulative communication techniques. Suitable countermeasures could include, for instance, creating greater transparency surrounding, or even restricting, the use of artificial techniques to inflate the level of perceived engagement a piece of online content generates."

A 2020 article by Gabrielle Lim at the Center for International Governance Innovation entitled "The Risks of Exaggerating Foreign Influence Operations and Disinformation" offers similar advice:
"Mass-targeted covert influence operations and disinformation campaigns are real. Analysis from studies show that they promote narratives that aim to provoke outrage, capitalize on social cleavages and, in some cases, push narratives in the interest of certain countries. However, evidence of activity is not evidence of impact. To be sure, we should be aware of such operations, bringing them to light and, when appropriate, removing them. However, if the free flow of ideas, freedom of expression and a better quality of democratic participation are the ultimate goals, relying on detection and deletion is not enough, and, as outlined above, the exaggeration of the threat of foreign influence operations may do more harm than good. Instead, we should invest in solutions that shore up trust and increase political participation, civil discourse and pluralism."

RELEVANT MATERIAL FROM PAST MEETUPS:

Back in April 2022, we had a meetup entitled "Is 'The Great Awokening' a Conspiracy?" and in the 1st section we discussed allegations that Russian disinformation agents might've stoked the anti-police protests in the summer of 2020, as well as the student protest movement of the 1960s, as a way to distract & destabilize the U.S. and get American policymakers to retreat from foreign policy commitments that ran counter to Russian interests.
https://www.meetup.com/philly-skeptics/events/282968221/

Back in July 2020, we had a meetup entitled "Hypervigilance and 'Protest Panics'" and in the 2nd section we looked at the debates over whether outside groups like "Antifa" or the "Boogaloo Boys" were behind the violence at anti-police protests in the summer of 2020 that devolved into riots. As we discussed, arrest records of rioters appeared to indicate that most people involved in looting & vandalism weren't part of formal activist groups on either the far left or far right but were merely opportunists.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/djzwsrybckbqb/

We had a meetup back in October of 2020 entitled "Political Pseudoscience & Progressivism" and in the 1st section we discussed various conspiracy theories about progressive billionaire donor George Soros sponsoring various left-wing activist groups to destabilize the U.S., which included debates about whether his Open Society Foundation was paying protestors to show up at various events.
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/djzwsrybcnbxb/

Way back in June 2018, we had a meetup entitled "Free Speech & Hate Speech on Campus: How Do We Distinguish a Real Crisis From a Moral Panic?" We considered the protests & deplatforming of conservative speakers like Milo Yiannopolous & Ben Shapiro on college campuses from 2014-2018, as well as the attempts to fire professors like Nicholas Christakis & Bret Weinstein over saying something politically incorrect. We tried to assess whether this was indicative of a real widespread "free speech crisis" or merely an overblown moral panic stirred up by conservative pundits & politicians to castigate left-wing student activists and give legislators an excuse to cut funding for higher education. We also addressed protestors' concerns about hate speech & hate crimes on college campuses, and tried to assess whether this is a real crisis or merely a moral panic stirred up by left-wing activists & professors to castigate conservatives and push for more funding for diversity programs.
https://www.meetup.com/philly-skeptics/events/250590144/

Note: We revisited this topic in a meetup in Aug. 2020 entitled "Is/Was There a Campus Free Speech Crisis?", which include a section on how the decline of tenure & political biases in hiring of professors have harmed academic freedom & intellectual diversity on campus - https://www.meetup.com/philly-skeptics/events/272174529/

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DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PREPARE FOR OUR DISCUSSION:

The videos & articles you see linked below are intended to give you a basic overview of some of the major debates over the anti-Israel / pro-Palestinian protests on college campuses. As usual, I certainly don't expect you to read all the articles & watch all the videos prior to attending our discussion. The easiest way to prepare for our discussion is to just watch the numbered videos linked under each section - the videos come to about about XX minutes total. The articles marked with asterisks are just there to supply additional details. You can browse and look at whichever ones you want, but don't worry - we'll cover the stuff you missed in our discussion.

In terms of the discussion format, my general idea is that we'll address the topics in the order presented here. I figure we'll spend about 30 minutes on each section.

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I. TO WHAT EXTENT HAVE THE CAMPUS PROTESTS BEEN INFILTRATED OR MASTERMINDED BY "OUTSIDE AGITATORS" & "PAID PROTESTORS" UNAFFILIATED WITH THE COLLEGES?

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1a) PIX-11 News, "[NYC Mayor Eric] Adams pressed about presence of 'outside agitators' at college protests in NYC" (video - 8:41 min, start at 2:11 & listen to 5:42)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdjT0wZQIpI&t=2m11s

1b) CBC News w/ Ben Makuch, "Fact-checking claims about who's behind pro-Palestinian student protests" (video - 7:45 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpLZ4CEmSSg

Beth Harpaz & Alec Gitelman, "The great tent conspiracy theory: Are ‘outside agitators’ supplying protesters’ tents? NYC mayor thinks something’s not kosher with those tents. Others say, ‘You never heard of Amazon?’"
https://forward.com/news/606169/tents-columbia-protests-conspiracy-mayor/
Oliver Laughland, Gloria Olidipo & Maya Yang, "NYPD issues arrest figures amid ‘outside agitator’ claim at Columbia Gaza protest: New York police say about 29% of those detained ‘not affiliated’ with university as more are arrested at NYU and New School"
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/03/college-gaza-protests-nyu
Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu & Loreben Tuquero, "What we know about the ‘outside agitators’ being blamed for campus protests"
https://www.politifact.com/article/2024/may/06/what-we-know-about-the-outside-agitators-being-bla/
Amy Julia Harris, et al., "Outsiders Were Among Columbia Protesters, but They Dispute Instigating Clashes: City officials have blamed 'external actors' for escalating demonstrations at Columbia University and elsewhere, but student protesters reject the claim."
http://web.archive.org/web/20240514175853/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/04/nyregion/columbia-protests-arrest-agitators-israel.html
Michael Luciano, "It Turns Out The Real 'Outside Agitators' Were Actually 'Business Titans Looking to Shape US Public Opinion' About Israel"
https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/news/it-turns-out-the-real-outside-agitators-were-actually-business-titans-looking-to-shape-us-public-opinion-about-israel/ar-BB1mwWug

II. TO WHAT EXTENT HAVE THE CAMPUS PROTESTS BEEN DRIVEN BY CAMPUS ACTIVIST GROUPS & MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES DEPARTMENTS THAT RECEIVE FUNDING FROM QATAR?

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2a) The Knowledge Show, "Why the Middle East is Funding American Colleges (Over $11 Billion)" (video - 4:20 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRZXULvJ298

2b) Firstpost w/ Palki Sharma, "Is Qatar Pushing the Gaza Protests in US Colleges?" (video - 6:31 min, start at 2:42 & listen to 5:00)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6zZ6pkWb68&t=2m42s

Sam Harris, "Campus Protests, Antisemitism, and Western Values"
https://www.samharris.org/blog/campus-protests-antisemitism-and-western-values
Asaf Romirowsky & Efraim Karsh, "The Politicization of Middle East Studies: The influential Middle East Studies Association [MESA] objects to the State Department’s definition of anti-Semitism, thereby giving up any pretense of professionalism it still had."
http://web.archive.org/web/20150920005705/https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/09/18/the-politicization-of-middle-east-studies/
Neetu Arnold, "Hijacked: The Capture of America's Middle East Studies Centers"
https://www.nas.org/reports/hijacked/full-report
ISGAP, "Follow the Money: Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood Funding of Higher Education in the United States"
https://isgap.org/follow-the-money/
Charles Asher Small, et al., "The Corruption of the American Mind: How Foreign Funding in U.S. Higher Education by Authoritarian Regimes, Widely Undisclosed, Predicts Erosion of Democratic Norms and Antisemitic Incidents on Campus"
https://networkcontagion.us/wp-content/uploads/NCRI-Report_The-Corruption-of-the-American-Mind.pdf
Bari Weiss, "Is Campus Rage Fueled by Middle Eastern Money? According to a new [NCRI] report, at least 200 American colleges and universities illegally withheld information on approximately $13 billion in undisclosed contributions from foreign regimes."
https://www.thefp.com/p/campus-rage-middle-eastern-roots-qatar
New Arab Staff, "Qatar denies influencing pro-Palestinian student protests at US universities"
https://www.newarab.com/news/qatar-denies-influencing-pro-palestine-us-student-protests
Melissa Duda, "On ‘following the money’ behind pro-Palestinian protests"
https://dailynorthwestern.com/2024/05/16/lateststories/lte-on-following-the-money-behind-pro-palestinian-protests/

III. TO WHAT EXTENT HAVE THE CAMPUS PROTESTS BEEN MOTIVATED BY TIKTOK SHOWING YOUNG PEOPLE MOSTLY PRO-PALESTINIAN FOOTAGE TO HELP CHINA SOW DISSENT IN THE WEST?

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3a) The National Desk w/ Matthew Galka, "China expert [Gordon Chang] warns TikTok is stirring up aggression at campus protests" (video - 2:02 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U07csrkTFfU

3b) Breaking Points w/ Krystal Ball & Saagar Enjeti, "Exclusive Poll: Cable News Viewers Brainwashed On Israel" (video - 21:33 min, start at 19:05)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWUR48grJuc&t=19m5s

Cyrus Moulton, "Pro-Palestinian posts significantly outnumbered pro-Israeli posts on TikTok, new Northeastern research shows: The pattern of pro-Palestinian posts is consistent with a prolonged social movement, the research suggests, while the pattern of pro-Israeli posts is typical of what follows a major news event."
https://news.northeastern.edu/2024/05/10/israel-hamas-tiktok-research/
A.W. Ohlheiser & Li Zhou, "The controversy over TikTok and Osama bin Laden’s 'Letter to America,' explained - Why bin Laden’s 2002 letter became the latest TikTok moral panic." (Vox)
https://www.vox.com/politics/23966248/tiktok-osama-bin-laden-letter-to-america-the-guardian
Jessica Roy, "On TikTok, an Unlikely Call to Islam Emerges: In the latest twist of online politicking, young social media influencers who want to show solidarity with Gaza are declaring they have adopted the Muslim faith" (New Lines Mag)
https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/on-tiktok-an-unlikely-call-to-islam-emerges/
Drew Harwell, TikTok removes feature that critics used to study Israel-Gaza war videos: The change came after researchers cited TikTok’s video-view counts to discuss the relative prominence of pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian videos on the app. One group called it ‘a step back for transparency.’"
https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/02/08/tiktok-remove-data-criticism-gaza/
Matthew Field, "How anti-Israel bias claims rocked TikTok: Whistleblower alleges employees’ views ‘very likely’ influenced app moderation"
http://web.archive.org/web/20240515062807/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2024/05/12/how-anti-israel-bias-claims-rocked-tiktok/
Rebecca Jennings, "TikTok isn’t creating false support for Palestine. It’s just reflecting what’s already there: The Israel-Hamas war changed the way we engage online, maybe forever."
https://www.vox.com/culture/23997305/tiktok-palestine-israel-gaza-war
EJ Dickson, "Is TikTok Really Boosting Pro-Palestinian Content?
Some on the right suggest the social media app has a bias on posts about the war — but the numbers don't seem to bear that out"
https://web.archive.org/web/20240510014602/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/right-tiktok-boost-palestinian-content-1234876108/
Tim Hains, "Krystal Ball: TikTok Is More Pro-Palestine Because It Reflects Their Younger Audience, DC Has The Causation Backwards"
https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2024/04/29/krystal_ball_tiktok_is_more_pro-palestine_because_it_reflects_their_younger_audience_dc_has_the_causation_backwards.html
Alexander Sammon, "Mitt Romney Has a Wild Theory About the TikTok Ban: This idea could have been ripped from, well, a TikTok video by conspiracy-curious teenage power users."
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/05/tiktok-ban-china-israel-palestine-mitt-romney.html

IV. TO WHAT EXTENT HAVE THE CAMPUS PROTESTS BEEN DRIVEN BY ACTIVIST GROUPS THAT RECEIVE FUNDING FROM GEORGE SOROS, DAVID ROCKEFELLER JR. & OTHER BILLIONAIRE DONORS?

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4a) NY Post, "George Soros is paying student radicals, fueling nationwide explosion of Israel-hating protests" (video - 2:10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2CHaJ0XQjs

4b) The Hill Rising w/ Briahna Joy Gray & Robby Soave, "Pro-Palestinian Protesters Were Not [Directly] Funded By Biden Donors; Politico [Partly] Wrong" (video - 5:54 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCni2de4o70

Shia Kapos, "Pro-Palestinian protesters are backed by a surprising source: Biden’s biggest donors"
https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-university-funding-donors-00156135
Andrew Perez, "‘Politico’ [Partly] Misses Mark in Story on Who’s Funding Pro-Palestine Protests Against Biden"
https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/politico-israel-palestine-protests-biden-gates-1235015478/
Isabel Vincent, "George Soros is paying student radicals who are fueling nationwide explosion of Israel-hating protests"
https://nypost.com/2024/04/26/us-news/george-soros-maoist-fund-columbias-anti-israel-tent-city/
Madison Czopek, "Fact-checking claims that George Soros is ‘paying student radicals’ involved in campus protests"
https://www.politifact.com/article/2024/may/02/fact-checking-claims-that-george-soros-is-paying-s/
William Bredderman & Noah Kirsch, "[Rachel Gelman,] Child of Famed Jewish Family Funded Pro-Palestinian Protests [via Bafrayung Fund]: Her mom was on Joe Biden’s shortlist to be ambassador to Israel. She funds the Palestinian Youth Movement." http://web.archive.org/web/20240528075813/https://www.thedailybeast.com/pro-palestinian-campus-protests-were-funded-by-rachel-gelman-despite-family-being-jewish
ISGAP, "National Students for Justice in Palestine: Anti-Semitism, Anti-Americanism, Violent Extremism and the Threat to North American Universities" (referenced in Daily Beast article above)
https://isgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SJP_Report.pdf
Park MacDougald, "The Democratic oligarchs funding pro-Hamas nonprofits: Biden's pro-Israel stance is more rhetoric than reality"
https://unherd.com/2023/11/the-democratic-oligarchs-funding-pro-hamas-nonprofits/

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Skeptics In The Pub - Philly

Biweekly Discussion - Are the Anti-Israel Protests Astroturfed?

Skeptics In The Pub - Philly

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