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Biweekly Discussion - Neoliberals, Neocons & NWO 2.0

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Brian B.
Biweekly Discussion - Neoliberals, Neocons & NWO 2.0

Details

We're currently hosting our discussions at Café Walnut, near the corner of 7th & Walnut in Olde City, just across the street from Washington Square Park. The cafe's entrance is below street level down some stairs, which can be confusing if it's your first time. Our group meets in the large room upstairs.

Since we're using the cafe's space, they ask that each person attending the meetup at least purchase a drink or snack. Please don't bring any food or drinks from outside.

The cafe is fairly easy to get to if you're using public transit. With SEPTA, take the Market-Frankford Line & get off at the 5th Street Station (corner of 5th & Market), and walk 2 blocks south on 5th and then turn right on Walnut Street and walk 2 blocks west. With PATCO, just get off at the 9th-10th & Locust stop and walk 3 blocks east & 1 block north. For those who are driving, parking in the neighborhood can be tough to find. If you can't find a spot on the street, I'd suggest parking in the Washington Square parking deck at 249 S 6th Street which is just a half block away.

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NEOLIBERALS, NEOCONS & NWO 2.0: UNPACKING SOME 21st-CENTURY POLITICAL BUZZWORDS

INTRODUCTION - HOW THE "NEW WORLD ORDER" CONCEPT CHANGED IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA:

In our previous meetup, we discussed the meaning & history of the term "New World Order" (NWO). Throughout the 20th century, foreign policy experts often used it in a mundane fashion to indicate a new era after World War II in which international organizations like the UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO & World Court mediated disputes between nation-states in an effort to foster economic development & prevent armed conflict. However, our discussion focused on how conspiracy theorists use the term "New World Order" to indicate something much more sinister - i.e. left-wing activists see it as a secret plan by bankers & corporations to advance American imperialism & predatory capitalism, whereas right-wing activists see the NWO as a secret plan by globalists & communists to advance crypto-socialism & a erect one-world government. To review the discussion outline from that meetup, go here:
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/nfbkqqyzhbqb/

In this discussion, we'll pick up where our previous meetup left off and explore how the "New World Order" concept changed in the wake of the fall of the USSR in 1991. We'll examine how conspiracy theories merged with the economic debates surrounding the spread of free market capitalism & globalization and the foreign policy debates surrounding U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East.

Perhaps the best place to start to understand the intersection of the NWO conspiracy theories and mainstream political debates is with a speech that president George H.W. Bush made in 1990, at the height of the Gulf War. He revived the term "new world order" to represent his vision of a post-Cold War era in which "the principles of justice and fair play... protect the weak against the strong... A world where the United Nations, freed from cold war stalemate, is poised to fulfill the historic vision of its founders." At the time, the New York Times observed that the American left called the new world order a "rationalization for imperial ambitions" in the Middle East while the right rejected new security arrangements altogether and fulminated about any possibility of a UN revival.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation

The televangelist Pat Robertson added fuel to the fire by alleging in his 1991 best-seller, The New World Order, that the Illuminati were behind an evil conspiracy to use international bodies to erect a one-world government for the Antichrist.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)#Post-Cold_War_usage

During Bill Clinton's presidency, the Clintons became embroiled in a series of controveries (e.g. Troopergate, Whitewater, Monica Lewinsky scandal), and became the subject of a variety of right-wing conspiracy theories about the deaths of Vince Foster & Ron Brown, the Waco siege, and the Oklahoma City bombing. The right-wing militia movement that arose in the 1990s was deeply suspicious of Bill Clinton and played a big part in tying his administration to conspiracy theories about the ATF illegally seizing Americans' guns & "black helicopters" patrolling American skies in service to the UN.

While we won't delve into those controversies & conspiracy theories in this discussion, we will address allegations from Bill Clinton's fellow Democrats & left-wing activists that he intentionally subverted the traditional progressive economic platform of the Democratic Party by adopting elements of "Reaganomics". These accusations sometimes took the form of run-of-the-mill political critique, but they also sometimes veer into something similar to conspiracy theories. This is especially true when the motive for Clinton's policy shift is attributed to his shady business deals, the backroom influence of the cynical pollster Dick Morris, and suspicious donations to the Clinton legal defense fund & the nascent Clinton Foundation.

Over time, Bill Clinton's rightward shift on economic policies has been compared to Tony Blair in the UK, and these policies were referred to as "Third Way liberalism". Clinton's left-wing critics pointed to all kinds of negative effects his policies allegedly caused for America, and over time they began to see this as part of an overarching, international ideology they called "neoliberalism". Some left-wing activists saw neoliberalism as an "enemy within" scenario where certain politicians & special interest groups corrupted the left-wing political parties of the US & Europe. Others saw neoliberalism more as an "enemy outside" scenario where bureaucrats at the IMF & WTO & heads of multinational corporations who meet at conferences like Bilderberg & Davos conspired to subject the world economy to hyper-globalization & crony capitalism. We'll explore these two conspiracy theories in Parts 1 & 2 of our discussion.

During George W. Bush's presidency, the beliefs about a sinister New World Order got a significant boost from the spectacular & shocking nature of the 9/11 attacks, which resulted in the proliferation of online conspiracy theories about an "inside job" orchestrated by a shadowy cabal within the U.S. government. After the 2003 Iraq invasion revealed that Saddam Hussein didn't have any WMDs as Bush had claimed, this led to further online speculation that a secret cabal was pushing the US into needless wars.

While some conspiracy theorists like Alex Jones thought the Bush administration was being controlled by the fabled "Illuminati", many journalists & scholars alleged that the military interventionism of the Bush administration was orchestrated by a faction within the GOP known as the "neoconservatives", based around a think tank called the "Project for a New American Century" (PNAC). Allegations that the "neocons" hijacked the Republican Party & betrayed the principles of traditional conservatism fits the "enemy within" scenario and thus has some interesting parallels with the "Clinton betrayed the Democrats" allegations described above. Other critics of the Iraq War alleged that it was actually the "Israel lobby" that had distorted American foreign policy to suit Israel's strategic interests in the Middle East. This is interesting because it fits the "enemy outside" scenario described above. We'll explore these two conspiracy scenarios in Parts 3 & 4 of our discussion.

RANGE OF TERMS SIMILAR TO CONSPIRACY THEORIES:

In the Introduction section to our last meetup, I noted that I identified a range of NWO conspiracy theories that fall into roughly 5 categories, which I ranked in order of increasing plausibility of the claims they make.

In this meetup, some of the terms we'll discuss are occasionally similar to conspiracy theories but are too vague to actually qualify as "theories", since (with the exception of the last two) they don't involve specific claims. These terms can be sorted into 6 general categories, ranked in order of increasing specificity:

  1. Buzzword: a fashionable term that is so vague it's virtually meaningless, or a term used so casually by the speaker that it suggests he/she doesn't know what it means.
  2. Dog-whistle: a form of coded language that appears to fairly innocuous & uncontroversial to the general population but has a different, more sinister connotation for a targeted audience.
  3. Snarl Word/Slur: a term that carries a very negative connotation & is used to invoke stereotypes and/or insult someone, but often doesn't make specific allegations.
  4. Dominant Ideology: a term that denotes the beliefs & values of the majority of the people in a given society, or the consensus view among the ruling class, often conceived of in an abstract manner (similar to "zeitgeist").
  5. Interest Group: a term that denotes a specific group of people that share a common political interest and try to advance their goals through overt/legal means.
  6. Conspiracy: a term that denotes a specific group of people that share a common interest and advance their goals through covert/illegal means.

The terms we'll discuss in this meetup - "neoliberal", "globalist", "Davos man", "neocon" & "Zionist" - can be used in all 6 ways, and one typically has to determine which usage is intended from the context. As we'll see, this can present a lot of problems when one assumes the speaker is stupid or has a malicious intent, as this prevents civil dialogue.

RELEVANT MATERIAL FROM PAST MEETUPS:

In the 1st section of this discussion, we'll discuss "neoliberal" economic policies, and this is closely related to the subject of globalization. In October of 2018, we had a meetup entitled "Globalization & Conspiracy Theories" where we discussed the research we have on the economic effects of globalization, as well as arguments from Naomi Klein book, The Shock Doctrine and John Perkins' book Confessions of an Economic Hitman that globalization is exploitative & rife with conspiracies:
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/255269097/

The discussion of "neoliberalism" is also related to "Reaganomics" and "supply-side economics". Back in April, we had a meetup entitled "Tax Debates for Skeptics", and in Part 3 we discussed "Supply-Side Economics" and whether it should be considered an empirically validated form of economics or a debunked form of "pseudo-economics".
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/nfbkqqyzgbsb/

In the 3rd section of this discussion, we'll discuss the influence of the neocons on U.S. foreign policy particularly the War on Terror under Bush. Back in September of 2018, we had a meetup entitled "Intelligence Failures vs Conspiracy Theories" where we looked at the several major instances where US intelligence failures led to military debacles - i.e. 9/11 attacks, the 2003 Iraq invasion, the Benghazi incident during the Libyan civil war, and US weapons that got diverted to ISIS during the Syrian civil war. In each case, we asked whether these incidents were the results of intelligence failures, policy failures, or a conspiracy within the US government:
https://www.meetup.com/Philly-Skeptics/events/254780511/

In the 4th section of this discussion, we'll discuss the Israel Lobby. Back in March of 2018, the Philly Political Agnostics had a discussion entitled "Foreign Influence: Menace or Just Business as Usual?" which looked at the "soft power" & "sharp power" concepts and the effects of foreign lobbying, bribery, foreign news media & information warfare on U.S. politics:
https://www.meetup.com/Philadelphia-Political-Agnostics/events/xvbrznyxfbxb/

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DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO PREPARE FOR OUR DISCUSSION:

The videos & articles you see linked below are intended to give you a basic overview of some of the major debates over the meaning of the terms "neoliberal", "globalist", "Davos man", "neocon" & "Zionist" as well as debates over some interest groups associated with each ideology. As usual, I certainly don't expect you to read all the articles & watch all the videos prior to attending our discussion.

The easiest way to prepare for our discussion is to just watch the numbered videos linked under each section - the videos come to about about 42 minutes total. The articles marked with asterisks are just there to supply additional details. You can browse and look at whichever ones you want, but don't worry - we'll cover the stuff you missed in our discussion.

In terms of the discussion format, my general idea is that we'll address the topics in the order presented here. As you can see, I've listed some questions under each section heading to stimulate discussion & we'll try to answer most of them. I figure we'll spend about 30 minutes on each section.

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I. "NEOLIBERALISM" AS A BUZZWORD & AN IDEOLOGY AND ALLEGATIONS THAT THE PROGRESSIVE AGENDA OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY WAS BETRAYED BY BILL CLINTON:

  • DOES "NEOLIBERALISM" REFER TO THE "NEOCLASSICAL" SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS PIONEERED BY FRIEDRICH HAYEK & MILTON FRIEDMAN THAT INFLUENCED U.S. ECONOMIC POLICY UNDER REAGAN? IF SO, IS IT VALIDATED BY THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE 1980s AFTER THE STAGFLATION OF THE 1970s?

  • DID THE CENTRIST, NEOLIBERAL PLATFORM OF THE "THIRD WAY LIBERALS" THAT EMERGED UNDER BILL CLINTON COME AS A NATURAL REACTION TO THE SUCCESS OF FREE MARKET POLICIES UNDER REAGAN OR MACHIAVELLIAN SCHEMING BY POLLSTER DICK MORRIS?

  • IS THOMAS FRANK RIGHT THAT THE DEMOCRATS HAD A MAJORITY IN CONGRESS FOR 60 YEARS FROM THE TIME OF FDR TO CLINTON, ONLY TO LOSE IT BECAUSE HE ALIENATED THE WORKING CLASS BY SIGNING NAFTA, WHICH CAUSED MAJOR JOB LOSSES & EVENTUALLY LED TO TRUMP'S VICTORY IN 2016?

  • DID BILL CLINTON AGREE TO LET CHINA JOIN THE WTO BECAUSE OF ILLEGAL CAMPAIGN CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CHINESE BUSINESSMEN, A.K.A. "CHINAGATE"?

  • WERE BILL CLINTON'S ADVISERS THAT URGED HIM TO SIGN THE REPEAL OF THE GLASS-STEAGALL ACT "IN BED WITH WALL STREET"? DID ITS REPEAL CONTRIBUTE TO THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS?

  • WAS CLINTON'S WELFARE-TO-WORK BILL AN EXAMPLE OF HIS "NEOLIBERAL WAR ON THE POOR" OR A MESSY POLITICAL COMPROMISE? DID IT INCREASE POVERTY IN THE U.S.?

1a) Thomas Frank, "It's Clinton Who Wrecked the Democratic Party" (video - 7:11 min.)
https://youtu.be/pmCibWptzZQ

1b) NBC, "Bill Clinton, The Economy Revitalizer?" (video - 2:39 min.)
https://youtu.be/DsgBepXWvFc

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II. "GLOBALIST" & "DAVOS MAN" AS SLURS & IDEOLOGIES AND ALLEGATIONS THAT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM MASKS NEOLIBERAL EXPLOITATION WITH COSMOPOLITAN RHETORIC:

  • ARE THE TERMS "GLOBALIST" & "DAVOS MAN" MERE SLURS, OR SYNONYMS FOR WHAT SOCIOLOGISTS CALL THE "TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALIST CLASS" (TCC)? DO THEY HAVE A DISTINCT IDEOLOGY? WHY DO BOTH THE NATIONALIST RIGHT & THE ANTI-CAPITALIST LEFT DESPISE THEM?

  • DID KLAUS SCHWAB START THE "WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM" IN 1971 TO TEACH EUROPEAN CEOs THE AMERICAN MANAGEMENT MODEL, OR TO PROMOTE "STAKEHOLDER THEORY", OR BOTH?

  • IS IT TRUE - AS TED MALLOCH CLAIMS - THAT KLAUS SCHWAB WAS A MEMBER OF THE NAZI YOUTH AS A BOY? IS IT SIGNIFICANT FOR THE WEF THAT DAVOS WAS RIFE WITH NAZI AGENTS IN WWII & THAT SWISS BANKS HID NAZI GOLD? DOES THIS SUPPORT MALLOCH'S ARGUMENT THAT THE WEF WORKS COVERTLY TO ENABLE GERMAN DOMINATION OF EUROPE THROUGH THE E.U., OR IS THIS JUST "GUILT BY ASSOCIATION"?

  • ARE MOST OF THE EUROPEAN DAVOS ATTENDEES BEHOLDEN TO THE "NEOLIBERALISM" OF HAYEK & FRIEDMAN - OR ARE THEY MORE INFLUENCED BY THE CENTER-LEFT "SOCIAL MARKET" IDEAS OF ALEXANDER RUSTOW, AS BEN CHU ARGUES?

  • SHOULD WE BE LESS SUSPICIOUS OF THE WEF THAN BILDERBERG SINCE THE FORMER IS OPEN TO THE MEDIA, OR DOES ALL THE "REAL TALK" STILL GO ON SECRETLY IN BACK ROOMS?

  • HAS THE WEF'S TALKS SHIFTED OVER THE YEARS FROM SOPHISTICATED DISCUSSION OF ECONOMIC ISSUES TO "POMP & PLATITUDES"? IF SO, IS THIS DUE TO THE INFLUX OF MEDIA & POLITICIANS? DOES THIS PERHAPS JUSTIFY BILDERBERG'S EXCLUSION OF JOURNALISTS & USE OF THE CHATHAM HOUSE RULE?

  • WHY DID NELSON MANDELA DECIDE NOT TO NATIONALIZE SOUTH AFRICA'S INDUSTRIES AFTER HIS VISIT TO DAVOS IN 1992? WAS HE CORRUPTED BY EUROPEAN BANKERS & CEOs, OR DID HE LISTEN TO THE COMMUNIST DELEGATIONS FROM CHINA & VIETNAM WHO TOLD HIM THAT NATIONALIZATION WAS COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE?

  • IS THE WEF A CONSPIRACY OF THE "TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALIST CLASS" THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GROWING INCOME INEQUALITY, CRONY CAPITALISM & TAX EVASION? IF SO, WHY ARE THE E.U. COUNTRIES FROM WHICH MOST ATTENDEES HAIL HIGH-TAX WELFARE STATES WITH LOW GINI COEFFICIENTS?

  • DOES THE WEF'S RHETORIC SHIFT THE RESPONSIBILTY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OFF GOV'T & ONTO CONSUMERS, AS MARKUS GIESLER ARGUES?

  • DOES THE WEF'S CONCEPT OF "THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION" CONCEAL A "HIDDEN AUTOMATION AGENDA" - OR ARE THEY MERELY OPTIMISTIC THAT RETRAINING WORKERS & BASIC INCOME COULD ALLOW THE BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION TO EXCEED THE DOWNSIDES?

2a) CNBC, "What is Davos?" (video - 3:22 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8nzp2aPqP4

2b) The Telegraph, "Davos is about 'building bridges in a fractured world'" (video - 4:40 min.)
https://youtu.be/Ju4MBBBwTw8

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III. "NEOCONSERVATISM" AS A BUZZWORD & AN IDEOLOGY AND ALLEGATIONS THAT THE CONSERVATIVE AGENDA OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY WAS BETRAYED BY GEORGE W. BUSH:

  • HOW MUCH INFLUENCE DID THE PHILOSOPHER LEO STRAUSS HAVE ON THE INTELLECTUALS WHO CAME TO BE KNOWN AS "NEOCONSERVATIVES"? WAS STRAUSS'S THEORY OF "NOBLE LIES" MERELY A DEFENSE OF TRADITIONAL RELIGION OR A JUSTIFICATION OF FALSE FLAG ATTACKS?

  • IS IT TRUE THE 1st GENERATION OF NEOCONS WERE MOSTLY JEWISH TROTSKYITES IN NEW YORK WHO BECAME DISILLUSIONED WITH THE "NEW LEFT" OF THE 1960s & DRIFTED RIGHT? DID THEIR TROTSKYITE THEORY OF "PERMANENT REVOLUTION" TRANSFORM INTO "WILSONIAN" DEMOCRACY PROMOTION, AS MICHAEL LIND ARGUED?

  • ARE CONDEMNATIONS OF "NEOCONS" ALWAYS CONSPIRATORIAL & ANTI-SEMITIC DOG WHISTLES, OR CAN THEY REFLECT RATIONAL CONCERNS OVER MILITARY INTERVENTIONS THAT RUN CONTRARY TO AMERICA'S NATIONAL INTEREST?

  • HOW POWERFUL WAS THE "PROJECT FOR A NEW AMERICAN CENTURY" (PNAC)? DOES PNAC'S "REBUILDING AMERICA'S DEFENSE" PAPER FROM 2000 SUGGEST THE NEOCONS WERE POISED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF A TERROR ATTACK?

  • DID THE NEOCONS EXAGGERATE THE THREAT POSED BY AL QAEDA IN ORDER TO SCARE THE AMERICAN POPULACE INTO COMPLIANCE, AS ADAM CURTIS CLAIMED?

  • WAS THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION "HIJACKED" BY NEOCONS THAT BETRAYED TRADITIONAL CONSERVATISM'S NON-INTERVENTIONIST PRINCIPLES & LED THE U.S. TO INVADE IRAQ? OR DOES THE FACT THAT BOTH DEMOCRATS & REPUBLICANS VOTED FOR THE IRAQ INVASION INDICATE IT WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE BIPARTISAN FOREIGN POLICY CONSENSUS?

  • IS IT TRUE THAT NEOCONS WERE DISCREDITED BY THE IRAQ WAR & DIDN'T HAVE ANY ROLE IN THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION? IF SO, HOW CAN WE EXPLAIN OBAMA'S EXPANSION OF DRONE STRIKES AND INTERVENTIONS IN LIBYA & SYRIA? WAS THIS THE RESULT OF HAWKISH IDEAS LATENT IN THE BIPARTISAN FOREIGN POLICY CONSENSUS?

  • HAS THE TRUMP PRESIDENCY CAST THE NEOCONS OUT OF THE GOP, ALLOWING THEM TO REINVENT THEMSELVES AS "NEVER TRUMPERS"? WHY DO THE "WEST COAST STRAUSSIANS" SUPPORT TRUMP?

3a) Tristan Johnson, "What is a Neoconservative?" (video - 6:29 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLtFxykg1ew

3b) Judith Miller, "Did Bush Lie About Iraq?" (video - 5:55 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgQw8EhPJWw

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IV. "ZIONISM" AS A SLUR & AN IDEOLOGY AND ALLEGATIONS THAT AIPAC & THE BROADER "ISRAEL LOBBY" DISTORTS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY:

  • WHAT DOES "ZIONISM" MEAN TODAY? HOW IS IT
    RELATED TO THE DIFFERENT STRANDS OF "ZIONISM" (POLITICAL, PRACTICAL, LABOR, CULTURAL, RELIGIOUS, ETC.) THAT EMERGED A CENTURY AGO?

  • DOES THE TERM "ANTI-ZIONIST" REFER TO SOMEONE WHO OPPOSES THE EXISTENCE OF ISRAEL, OR CAN IT ALSO REFER TO THOSE WHO MERELY OPPOSE CERTAIN ISRAELI POLICIES LIKE WEST BANK SETTLEMENTS & SECOND-CLASS STATUS FOR PALESTINIANS? CAN ONE BE "ANTI-ZIONIST" WITHOUT BEING "ANTI-SEMITIC"?

  • WHY DID HARRY TRUMAN FORMALLY RECOGNIZE ISRAEL IN 1948? WAS THE U.S.-ISRAEL ALLIANCE DURING THE COLD WAR MORE THE PRODUCT OF NATIONAL INTEREST OR ISRAELI LOBBYING OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY EXPERTS?

  • HOW DID THE CONSPIRACY THEORY THAT THE U.S. GOV'T IS CONTROLLED BY THE "ZIONIST OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT" (ZOG) EMERGE IN THE 1970s? IS THE "ISRAEL LOBBY" THEORY CATEGORICALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE "ZOG" CONSPIRACY THEORY, OR JUST A MORE HIGHBROW VERSION?

  • ARE CONDEMNATIONS OF THE "ISRAEL LOBBY" ALWAYS CONSPIRATORIAL & ANTI-SEMITIC DOG WHISTLES, OR CAN THEY ALSO REFLECT RATIONAL CONCERNS OVER FOREIGN LOBBYING?

  • DOES SUPPORT FOR ISRAEL TODAY COME MORE FROM AMERICAN JEWS OR EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANS?

  • IS CURRENT U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST UNIQUELY SHAPED BY THE ISRAEL LOBBY, OR IS IT A CONFLUENCE OF NATIONAL INTEREST & SEVERAL DOMESTIC LOBBIES (OIL, DEFENSE) & FOREIGN LOBBIES (SAUDI, UAE, TURKEY) THAT DETERMINE IT?

  • SHOULD ILHAN OMAR'S TWEETS THAT SAID THAT "ISRAEL HAS HYPNOTIZED THE WORLD" AND SUGGESTED THAT U.S. DEFENSE OF ISRAEL IS "ALL ABOUT THE BENJAMINS, BABY" BE CHARACTERIZED AS "ANTI-SEMITIC"? DO HER LATER REMARKS ABOUT THE ISRAEL LOBBY PUSHING FOR "ALLEGIANCE TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY" SUGGEST THAT JEWS HAVE "DUAL LOYALTIES", AS SOME CRITICS CLAIMED?

4a) John Mearsheimer, "Iraq, the Neocons and the Israel Lobby" (video - 6:25 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htmO1Cyl73s

4b) Nicholas Lemann, "On Mearsheimer and Walt: Did the Israel lobby take us into Iraq?" (video - 4:26 min.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB5zWZuRnNE

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