Artists

Hi everyone, we will be having our first Artists who create meetup group at the food court (Near the A & W) of Erin Mills Town Centre, and we look forward to seeing everyone who can make it this coming Saturday, March 7th at 5 pm. This will be a very casual and fun moment to create, connect and engage in conversation as we work on our own art projects. I also look to have a theme for this session to ignite our creativity and give us something to go off of if we're starting from scratch. The theme is Life, and the powerful thing it can be to be alive despite all the uncertainty and struggles we might face. I will be providing some art materials for those who need them, but of course, it's highly encouraged to bring your own. Here is the full address of the mall: [5100 Erin Mills Pkwy, Mississauga ON L5M 4Z5](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5d311852eda8388a98752d9e60a559294e636187efdb6acdad7ff1b4b53e5c93JmltdHM9MTc3MjMyMzIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=15c0c239-89a7-69ee-04c2-d4b288666820&u=a1L21hcHM_Jm1lcGk9MH5-RW1iZWRkZWR-QWRkcmVzc19MaW5rJnR5PTE4JnE9RXJpbiUyME1pbGxzJTIwVG93biUyMENlbnRyZSZzcz15cGlkLllORERFRDhERjc4MTg0OUMxOSZwcG9pcz00My41NTg2NTA5NzA0NTg5ODRfLTc5LjcxMTU3ODM2OTE0MDYyX0VyaW4lMjBNaWxscyUyMFRvd24lMjBDZW50cmVfWU5EREVEOERGNzgxODQ5QzE5fiZjcD00My41NTg2NTF-LTc5LjcxMTU3OCZ2PTImc1Y9MSZGT1JNPU1QU1JQTA)

\*\***The Toronto History Walks Yearly Pass is available. Get it now for $125.00 for 1 year of unlimited tours, email** **torontohistorywalks@gmail.com** **for more information or for signing up!\*\*** \*\* **Please note: Please e-transfer the ticket amount when booking your space for this tour! You can e-transfer to the following email at:** **torontohistorywalks@gmail.com** This city has changed over the last few years. But what were the events that propelled the city in new ways, new avenues. This tour looks at the events that truly changed the city for good and some say for bad. Buildings have been erected and others torn down, but certain happenings in the city changed the path forward forever. And those events were viewed as monumental at the time. Today, we see the outcome of let's say Hurricane Hazel's fury, the development of our parkland. Or the building of the subway system in 1954. The first Great Fire, Christie Pits Riot, War of 1812, Constance Hamilton, Hurricane Hazel, and the creation of the Toronto Islands, all changed Toronto's destiny. But over time, those landmark stories have been forgotten. We need to bring them back and highlight them for the next generation! Let's get started! This tour explores the downtown area in great detail, and uncovers the stories that changed our impression of the city. This walking tour begins on the **steps of Old City Hall.** This walk is for all fitness levels. Please dress for the weather, and bring your love of history was well. This tour has a ticket price of $15.00 per person! \*\* **Please note: Please e-transfer the ticket amount when booking your space for this tour! You can e-transfer to the following email at:** **torontohistorywalks@gmail.com**

**Forget the small talk. Let’s make something real.** Most networking events feel like a chore. **Connection Lab** is the antidote. This isn't about swapping business cards; it’s about swapping perspectives, sketches, and stories in a curated, small-group setting. For this edition, we’re blending **artistic play** with **structured connection games**. Whether you’re a seasoned artist or haven't picked up a brush since grade school, you’ll find your flow here. ### **🖌️ The Experience** We keep the group limited to **10 people** to ensure the afternoon remains intentional and intimate. * **Low-Pressure Art:** Choose between ready-to-paint sketches (using graphite transfer paper) or a blank canvas. No "talent" required—we provide the tools to make it easy. * **Structured Connection:** We skip the "What do you do for work?" and move straight to curated games designed to spark genuine conversation. * **The Vibe:** Thoughtful, relaxed, and creative. ### **📋 What’s Included** * **All Materials:** Paint, brushes, canvas, and transfer paper. * **Guided Interaction:** Facilitated games to break the ice (without the cringe). * **Your Masterpiece:** You’ll leave with a finished piece of art and at least one meaningful new connection. ### **🎟️ Registration & Pricing** Registration through eventbrite is must for this event https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-creative-social-tickets-1984353364330 We keep the cost low to keep the community accessible. * **Ticket:** $10 (covers all materials) No Refund unless event is cancelled * **Note on Commitment:** Because we prepare specific materials for each of the 10 guests, please only register if you are 100% committed to attending. **Ready for a different kind of Saturday?** Space is strictly limited to 10. Grab your spot soon.

Come join us at the lovely, well-lit, and cozy Theatre Centre Cafe for an hour and a half of silent writing (on whatever writing projects you will)! After silent writing is done, feel free to stay and chat or go as you please. If you are late you are welcome to join us (quietly and not disruptively). Please note this is a casual event, and we will NOT be critiquing each other’s work. **Other Important Details:** WiFi name/password: #TheTheatreCentre (no password, open access) Travel / Parking info: There is paid street parking as well as Green P underground parking located at 45 Abell St (2 mins walk from the venue) . Venue Guidelines: Please thank our hosts by purchasing something.

Each year we try and find something special/somewhere to celebrate **International Women's Day!** *Sunday March 8th, 2026. A concert. Indigenous artists!* **Ticket link is below** with promo code pricing. We've seen these outstanding performers before at various venues in/around Toronto--but never on the Koerner Hall stage. With 50% off tickets. (Thank you Royal Conservatory of Music) **Koerner Hall celebrates International Women’s Day with a mosaic of Indigenous and diverse women’s voices**, hosted by Tamara Podemski and curated by Denise Bolduc. All of these artists are getting great attention on CBC/Radio. **Tia Wood’s powerful, soulful voice** carries the spirit of her peoples’ songs that have echoed from her homelands since time immemorial, and the musical roots of her family tree run deep. Growing up in a home rich with music and culture, she began singing as soon as she could talk, inspired and nurtured by her parents, siblings, and her dual Plains Cree and Coast Salish heritage. She was nominated for her first Juno Award in 2025 for her debut EP, Pretty Red Bird. She is one of the first Indigenous female artists signed to Sony Music. A Citizen of the Métis Nation of Ontario whose Red River roots run deep, interwoven with Anishinaabe relatives from Lac Seul and mixed settler relations, **Amanda Rheaume** has grown to be a chronicler of stories and people whose acts - out of necessity and opportunity alike - cascade through time and space, from the 18th century Red River Settlement to her own doorstep. In her gutsy guitar-driven style, punctuated with lively Métis fiddle, Rheaume’s heartland rock is built to last, resolute in rhythm and unswerving in purpose. **She is joined by Métis fiddler Alyssa Delbaere-Sawchuk.** **Shawnee Kish's powerful soul voice is why hearing her is a one-of-a-kind experience. The Mohawk singer-songwriter from Canada was a 2022 Juno nominee for Contemporary Indigenous Artist of the Year**, tied to her acclaimed self-titled debut EP. In 2023, she released her highly anticipated follow-up EP, Revolution, which landed her another two Juno nominations in Adult Alternative Album of the Year, and Contemporary Indigenous Artist of the Year.*Revolution*features her powerhouse vocals and introspective songwriting, as well as songwriting and production collaborations with industry luminaries, including Arkells frontman Max Kerman, Serena Ryder, Sara Quin of Tegan & Sara, and Dan Wilson (Adele, Taylor Swift). **Tamara Podemski** is an Anishinaabe (First Nations) and Ashkenazi (Jewish) multi-disciplinary performer whose work has spanned over three decades on stage and screen. She is best known for her acting roles in *Dance Me Outside*, The Rez (*CBC*), *Ready or Not (Global)*, *Reservation Dogs* (*FX)*, and the Broadway company of *RENT*. **Ticket link here:** https://www.rcmusic.com/events-and-performances/international-women-s-day-celebration Enter this promo code for 50% off ticket price: **INTLWMN50 (type it in manually--not copy/paste)** Any seats in Orchestra or First Balcony is a perfect seat. Encourage you--Bring a Friend!

**Join [TILE.]** at the **most popular Saturday Language Learning Social Event & Party in Toronto! 🍁** **[TILE.] = Toronto International Language Exchange [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/tilelearning/)** **[TILE.]** now has a **2-for-1 special event,** which includes: **1.** From **[6:30 - 7:15 PM](https://www.meetup.com/english-class-with-certified-award-winning-teacher):** An optional new $5 small group 45-minute **[English language class](https://www.meetup.com/english-class-with-certified-award-winning-teacher)**[ ](https://www.meetup.com/english-class-with-certified-award-winning-teacher)led by a certified language teacher **2.** From **[7:15 - 11 PM](https://www.meetup.com/biggest-language-party-event-social-in-toronto):** Our usual huge group **[BIGGEST LANGUAGE EXCHANGE SOCIAL EVENT AND PARTY IN TORONTO](https://www.meetup.com/biggest-language-party-event-social-in-toronto)** (Cost: *$0-$5\*, see below)* Both events happen Saturday on the 2nd floor of the Madison Pub (14 Madison Avenue). ***Attend either or both events!*** Meet Toronto locals and international friends. Talk to language teachers and speakers to learn English, French, Korean, Japanese, Spanish, and much more! Join us for board games, conversation, dancing, singing, and more! Make sure to get a nametag from one of our helpers. *You **must** read the full event description below before attending. By attending, you agree to all the terms listed.* **[TILE.] Toronto International Language Exchange** event details: * We are on the 2nd floor of the Madison pub on the patio with all the international flags! *The dance floor opens around 10 PM, and the live piano bar singer start around 10:30 on the 1st floor.* * With our night ride promotion, the second event (the 7:15- 11 PM Party & Social event) is **FREE** for women who will be traveling alone at night to promote inclusion and equity\*. This event normally $5. * The cost for the first event (the 6:30 - 7:15 PM English Language class) is $5 for everyone. **PAY** **$5** right at the event by **CASH, CREDIT, or DEBIT**, or **SEND $5 E-TRANSFERS** to: **TILETORONTO1@GMAIL.COM**. You can also support the bar by buying a drink or appetizer. **\*** The second event ends late at night. It is 100% your own responsibility to ensure you get home safe. We can simply waive the $5 event entry/cover fee for women who will be traveling home alone so that they may instead put this money towards taking a safe ride home. \-\-\-\-\-\- **IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER – Meetup Group** By attending any TILE events, including these ones, you acknowledge and agree to the following: * *The organizers and hosts of TILE events are are not liable for any loss, injury, damage, or other unforeseen outcomes that may occur before, during, or after any event.* * *Participation in TILE events is entirely voluntary and at your own risk. You are solely responsible for your own safety, personal belongings, transportation, behavior, and well-being. It is your responsibility to assess the risks involved in any activity or location and to act accordingly.* * *TILE and its organizers do not provide insurance and cannot guarantee the safety, accuracy of information, or quality of venues, third-party services, or other attendees.* * *By attending, you release TILE, its organizers, and affiliates from any and all claims or liability, and you agree to conduct yourself respectfully and in accordance with local laws and venue rules.* * ***If you do not agree with this disclaimer, please do not attend TILE events.***

Singles Dance Party + 40 Crowd Saturday March 7th $20.00 cover 7.30pm -12.30 The Old Mill 21 Old Mill Rd. Join us for a fun-filled evening of dancing, mingling, and making new connections! Whether you're new in town or a seasoned single professional, this event is perfect for you. Let loose and show off your dance moves as we groove to the latest beats, from Bachata to classic hits. This social networking opportunity is ideal for singles over 50 Get ready to relive the magic of past events like the "Saturday Night Singles Dance Party @ The Old Mill" and "An evening of Dancing & Romancing . Don't miss out on this chance to mix and mingle with other singles in a lively and welcoming atmosphere. Grab your dancing shoes and get ready for a night to remember at our Singles Night Out! 416 236 8222.

\- Living On Video & DJ Lazarus presents \- **Sat March 7 - 80s & 90s Retro 'GUILTY' Pleasures Video Dance Party w/ New Kids On The Block vs Backstreet Boys Spotlight** ADVANCED TICKETS ONLY $10: https://GUILTYbackstreetsback.eventbrite.ca 'GUILTY' brings the 80s & 90s back to life with the BIGGEST HITS and ONE HIT WONDERS of the time. \-\-\-\-\- You'll have a blast dancing with hundreds of people as 'GUILTY' has become one of the busiest retro events in Toronto. \-\-\-\-\- 'GUILTY' has 6 giant video screens playing the music videos you remember from Much Music and MTV. \-\-\-\-\- DJ Lazarus and 'Be Kind Rewind' spin a fun mix of big retro hits to keep you on the dance floor. Saturday March 7, 2026 Retro 'GUILTY' Pleasures Video Dance Party w/ New Kids On The Block vs Backstreet Boys Spotlight BIGGEST HITS and ONE HIT WONDERS of the 80's & 90's Ground Control - 1279 Queen St West - Toronto Lounge 9pm - Mainroom 10pm - 19+ Event $10 Advanced Tix: https://GUILTYbackstreetsback.eventbrite.ca $15 at the door INVITE: www.facebook.com/events/676940325446897/ (please INVITE and SHARE with your friends) \-\-\-\-\- GUILTY is an unabashed night of HUGE RETRO HITS and ONE HIT WONDERS of the 80's & 90's. \-\-\-\-\- Hear and see popular artists like Madonna, Prince, Wham!, Culture Club, Cher, Spice Girls, Michael Jackson, Ace of Base, Van Halen, Huey Lewis, Britney Spears, Milli Vanilli, Cyndi Lauper, Backstreet Boys, and Pat Benetar, TLC, to one hit wonders such as Boys Don’t Cry, Phil Collins, Baltimora, Taco, Rick Astley, Aqua, Baha Men, Tiffany, and more. Facebook: http://facebook.com/groundcontroltoronto Facebook: http://facebook.com/djlazarusrocks Instagram: http://instagram.com/djlazarusrocks Group: http://www.facebook.com/groups/panicretroparty

Join us for **Good People**, a gripping and heartfelt drama about survival, second chances, and the divide between the haves and have-nots. ***You can use our promo code to purchase discount tickets for any performance.*** **THE PLAY:** It’s been a rough road for Margie, a single mother living in South Boston. Having just been fired from her job at The Dollar Store, Margie scrambles to find a way for her and her daughter to survive. She decides to contact Mike, an old fling from her high school days, who has become a successful doctor, in the hopes that he (or someone he knows) might have a job for her. As they reconnect, secrets and sacrifices are revealed. Pulitzer Prize winning playwright, David Lindsay-Abaire, has created a “masterpiece of contemporary theatre” that explores the themes of class, morality and resilience. In our world, where the rift between the haves and have-nots grows ever wider, Good People is bound to resonate with today’s audiences. *Recommended for age 14 and up. Some mature language and themes.* \*\*\* **PRICE** **Discount Tickets:** $24 (includes all fees) *** **HOW TO PURCHASE** Sign up on this event page and use the promo code **THUMBSUP** to get your discount tickets. Use the code to purchase your tickets **[online](https://app.arts-people.com/index.php?ticketing=tscar&rd=1)** or call the box office at (416) 267-9292. ***You do not have to attend with our group. You may use our promo code THUMBSUP to purchase discount tickets for any performance.*** **Seating Arrangements:** Seating is reserved so members may not be able to sit together. However, we will get together before, during and after the show. Belinda will be seated in C-B26. *** **DETAILS** **When:** Saturday, March 7, 2026 **Time:** Show starts at 8 p.m. Meet Belinda at 7:30 p.m. at the theatre. **Where:** Scarborough Village Theatre, 3600 Kingston Road, Scarborough **Runtime:** About 2 hours, 15 minutes with intermission *** **MEETUP ARRANGEMENTS** Meet Belinda at 7:30 p.m. in the theatre lobby beside the box office. Belinda will is very short and will be wearing a pink Los Gatos baseball cap and pink eyeglass frames. Cell # (416) 879-7575 for use on day/time of performance only. **Intermission & After-Show Meetup Spots:** Meet Belinda beside the box office in the same place as you met her before the show. **\*\*\*** **[THUMBS UP CELLPHONE POLICY:](https://www.meetup.com/Thumbs-Up-Theatre-Toronto/events/243426512/)** Cellphones must be turned off, or kept in silent or flight mode (no sound and no vibration), and MUST NOT be pulled out or used under any circumstances during shows.

🦋🏛️ DANFORTH WALK, BUTTERFLY MURAL & GREEK LUNCH🏛️🦋 Street Culture, Public Art & A Proper Greek Feast There’s something about the Danforth that feels like old-school Toronto in the best possible way — vibrant, layered, proudly local, and full of stories. Join us for a social walk along one of the city’s most iconic stretches: **Danforth Avenue**. As we stroll west toward downtown, we’ll pass lively patios, long-standing family restaurants, cozy cafés, independent shops, and the everyday rhythm of a neighbourhood that has shaped Toronto’s cultural identity for generations. This area is famously home to the annual **Taste of the Danforth**, one of the largest street festivals in the city — and historically, it was once home to the largest Greek community outside of Greece. You feel that history in the bakeries, the signage, the music drifting from open doors. It’s not just a walk. It’s a little slice of Toronto heritage — experienced together. 👉 **Don’t forget to join our WhatsApp group** – [CLICK HERE!](https://chat.whatsapp.com/H59mSCbsAi018gYANrKAnc?mode=ac_t) *** 🦋 The Butterfly Mural Stop Along the way, we’ll stop at the Butterfly Mural, sponsored by the **David Suzuki Foundation** as part of The Great Canadian Butterflyway Project. It’s bold, colourful, and rooted in environmental awareness — a reminder that even in the middle of the city, we are connected to something larger. We’ll pause, take photos, chat, and enjoy a little moment of art-meets-nature in urban Toronto. *** 🏛️ Greek Lunch at a Danforth Institution After our walk, we’ll sit down for lunch at the historic **Astoria Shish Kebob House**, one of the most well-known Greek restaurants in the city. Expect: 🥙 Classic souvlaki 🍋 Lemon potatoes 🥗 Fresh Greek salad 🍷 Big, generous comfort food energy Menu: Click Here! Nothing bonds people like sharing a table and passing the tzatziki. 😉 *** 🚶‍♂️ What to Expect We’ll walk at a relaxed, social pace — stopping to observe, chat, and enjoy the neighbourhood. The route will take us toward Danforth & Chester. You’re welcome to leave at any time. *** ❄️ Weather & Commitment Please don’t sign up if you’re not ready to walk in real winter conditions. This event happens rain, snow, or classic Toronto wind. The only exception: if temperatures reach -20°C, the event will be canceled. Bundle up — this one is for the walkers. 💪❄️ *** 🧢 Meetup Details 📍 Meetup Location: Outside the station (exact station noted in event listing) 🫎 I’ll be wearing my Moose Hat ⏰ Meetup Time: 11:00 AM ❗ I will only wait 5 minutes Please arrive on time so we can begin together. End Location: Danforth & Chester *** 💰 Meetup Fee 🎟️ **Meetup Fee:** $5 cash in person **or** e-transfer to 📧 \*\*[mathewmaclean@hotmail.com**](http://mathewmaclean@hotmail.com%2A%2A/) This fee helps support the group and allows us to keep hosting events like this. Thank you for supporting community! 💖 *** 🎒 What to Bring * Water * Good winter boots * Gloves & hat * Something warm to drink * A small snack (optional) Layers are your best friend. *** 🌈 Who Is This For? This group is open to anyone who wants to be social and make friends — whether you’re single or not. We also host: 🎬 Movies 🚶 Walks & hikes 🎭 Arts & culture 🍽️ Restaurant outings …and lots of welcoming, low-pressure community gatherings. You’re always welcome. *** REMEMBER: You can just show up on the day if you’re unsure about your schedule. And as always, sometimes life happens and plans may need to shift — please keep an eye out for updates. *** 👤 Organizer: Mathew Questions? Post on the event wall or email 📧 torontomoviesandoutings@hotmail.com Come for the culture. Stay for the conversation. Leave full — in more ways than one. The Danforth has heart. Let’s go feel it together. 🦋🏛️✨

Welcome to the Art School - 20's & 30's artists Meetup group! This is a community for young artists who are passionate about exploring different mediums and techniques in the world of art. Whether you're a painter, sculptor, photographer, or mixed media artist, this group is the perfect place to connect with like-minded individuals, have a space to work on your craft, and showcase your work. Let's inspire and support each other on our artistic journeys! Whether you're a novice or a seasoned artist, all skill levels are welcome. Join us and unleash your creativity! This month we will be discussing Andrew Thompson, an artist known for vibrant colors and a unique style. Whose, worked on pieces for **Bioware**, **Lucasfilm**, **Bethesda Games**,, **Sony**, **Variety Magazine**, **Bojack Horseman**, **Marvel**, and **Wizards of the Coast.** [https://schmandrewart.com/hello](https://schmandrewart.com/hello) Afterwards, we will have time to work on our individual art projects, hang out and if anyone is interested in feedback on their work there will be time for that as well.

NFT's are here to stay folks! This is a group for like minded people interested in understanding, leveraging, using, creating for, profiting from, trading too i suppose, NFT's.. everything around them, complexity, fear and exploits, best practices and more. **PLUS** This group will talk AI ART tools, techniques, artists, video, audio, prototypes and more in the AI assisted production space- ART specifically, but we can get into any aspect of some of the cooler things happening in AI in general.

The topic for March is "Our Bodies, Ourselves" Speak Easy: true stories, told live. The idea is simple: an audience, an open microphone, and great stories. Hilarious, gripping, poignant- it's up to you. Audiences are invited to come to listen or come to tell as folks from all corners of Columbus offer their stories live on stage! Held at Wild Goose Creative's warm, intimate space, this night of tales occurs on the 3rd Thursday of every month. Doors open at 6:30 pm, show starts at 7:00 pm. Please arrive early if you want to tell, as we generally only have room for a limited number of tellers, and the sign-up sheet has a tendency to fill up fast. Formed around the idea that people need stories--they're what hold and draw us together--SpeakEasy celebrates the strangeness and commonness of being human. And in a world of smartphones, Facebook, Twitter, and more . . . it gives people a real, breathing, in-person way to connect. The night is geared for true stories of all kinds, taking the best tales told around kitchen tables, in darkened pubs, on the street corner, and at late-night parties and giving them an audience. Speak Easy is also a great outlet for performers, writers, and artists looking to share their favorite stories and perfect their skills. We strongly encourage tellers to please tell the story rather than read it so we keep within the spirit of good storytelling and stay engaged with the audience. All are welcome. Hang around after the show for a drink and build community!

ATTIRE : GREEN Feel the luck of the leprechaun this upcoming Latin City Wednesday. Wear you GREEN or you get pinched 😉. Charming you with the best selection of Salsa, Bachata, Merengue and Cha Cha Chá that you can muster. Feel free to bring your own enticing drinks as well. ********************************* Viva Dance Columbus (2809 Festival Lane Dublin, OH 43017) 830pm-930pm Casino Style Salsa Lessons 930pm-Midnight Open Latin Dance Party $15 With the Lesson $10 Open Dance Party Only ********************************** Free Parking, No Need to Bring a dance partner, No Sandals Please and Plenty of Space to Move on the Dance Floor.

**Caller: Frank Buschelmann** **Band: The Rosenthorns** **Big Scioty Contra Dance** **temporarily returning to our long ago location for Jan-March - First Congregational Church, 444 E. Broad St., Columbus 43215** WHAT IS CONTRA DANCING? Picture the Grand Ball scenes like you’ve seen in period films such as “Pride and Prejudice”, where the dancers are lined up in long lines, across from each other. That’s English Country Dancing, the predecessor of contra dancing. Now, add moves like “swing your partner” and “do-si-do,” like you’ve seen in square dancing. Set it to fabulous, high energy, live music with fiddles, guitars, percussion and more, alá “Riverdance.” Finally, set the whole scene down in the middle of Woodstock, with a hip, groovy atmosphere, a bit of tie-dye, and hints of counter-culture attitude. THAT’s Contra Dancing! Wear cool and comfortable clothes (you will get warm) and clean shoes that won't mark up our nice wood floor. Be sure to come for the beginner's lesson from 7:30 - 8:00, followed by dancing 8:00 - 10:30. All dances are taught; we will help you learn! Beginners always welcome, no need to bring a partner. Cost is $10.00 adults, $5.00 ages 12-26. Under 12 free. Free parking in church lot. For more information contact me or check out our website: [www.bigscioty.com](http://www.bigscioty.com/) Please bring your own refillable water bottle. Snacks to share are always welcome!

Let’s meet, wander the exhibits and open galleries, and enjoy an evening out in the Franklinton Arts District. (Nearby pay parking is available in the garage on McDowell, right around the corner from One Line Coffee, and, past it along the curb as McDowell dead ends.)